WEBVTT

1
00:00:03.480 --> 00:00:17.039
Mike Liemohn: There we go everybody has to click the button to say recording in progress, that you will continue on with that so again, this is a special seminar of the Michigan Institute for plasma science and engineering joint with the space Institute.

2
00:00:18.240 --> 00:00:28.980
Mike Liemohn: And we have today, Dr Mickey fox from NASA headquarters and before we start this before I give my formal introduction you need to have a special ceremony.

3
00:00:30.840 --> 00:00:33.720
Mike Liemohn: Because, yes, exactly that we.

4
00:00:37.170 --> 00:00:38.670
Mike Liemohn: dark acoustics Jenner has.

5
00:00:39.960 --> 00:00:45.240
Mike Liemohn: As a special thing that we do with all of the mitzi speakers, and that is.

6
00:00:46.440 --> 00:00:49.260
Mike Liemohn: He awards them all, with a special mitzi mug.

7
00:00:50.670 --> 00:00:51.150
Mike Liemohn: So.

8
00:00:53.070 --> 00:00:56.430
Mike Liemohn: Nikki I believe that you have this bug in your possession already they.

9
00:00:56.430 --> 00:01:08.160
Nicola Fox: do have the mind in my possession, it is downstairs because I use it for my coffee this morning it's in the dishwasher I can go and get it, if you want me to hold it up, but that's already using it, so thank you yeah.

10
00:01:08.850 --> 00:01:10.830
Mark Kushner: So we will snap your picture.

11
00:01:13.980 --> 00:01:14.400
Mike Liemohn: alright.

12
00:01:14.580 --> 00:01:16.800
Nicola Fox: I will do you want me to go get it, I will be right back.

13
00:01:17.220 --> 00:01:18.660
Mark Kushner: On no, no, no, fine.

14
00:01:19.950 --> 00:01:22.590
Mark Kushner: This is fine, better better, they should educate us.

15
00:01:23.250 --> 00:01:23.580
Mike Liemohn: Okay.

16
00:01:24.300 --> 00:01:25.920
Nicola Fox: And I can tell you it's already being.

17
00:01:26.280 --> 00:01:31.170
Nicola Fox: put together to use my coffee tastes, even better, this morning I actually meant to have it up here one of.

18
00:01:31.410 --> 00:01:45.510
Nicola Fox: Ironically, something that never happens is one of my kids put it in the dishwasher I didn't actually know my kids me where the dishwasher was but they actually did put it in the dishwasher so it's obviously it's a good luck mug so maybe they'll continue with this trend.

19
00:01:46.140 --> 00:01:48.720
Mark Kushner: With your permission, we will photoshop and login to your.

20
00:01:49.110 --> 00:01:50.130
Nicola Fox: Lately, never.

21
00:01:52.680 --> 00:01:54.390
Mike Liemohn: Okay, so.

22
00:01:56.400 --> 00:01:59.160
Mike Liemohn: dark prusiner do you have the image that you need.

23
00:02:00.240 --> 00:02:01.590
Mike Liemohn: photoshop good okay.

24
00:02:03.690 --> 00:02:17.250
Mike Liemohn: Excellent so with that, let me, let me continue on Dr fox is the helio physics division director in the science mission Directorate at NASA headquarters in Washington DC so before I continue.

25
00:02:18.420 --> 00:02:26.310
Mike Liemohn: I should define helio physics, which is a rather recently invented word that means space physics of our solar system.

26
00:02:27.780 --> 00:02:35.970
Mike Liemohn: i'd say, in particular regarding our Star and our planet space environment, although it does include other planets and interplanetary space.

27
00:02:36.870 --> 00:02:49.380
Mike Liemohn: Throughout the whole the solar system, I like to think of helio physics as astrophysics about the electromagnetic environments of celestial objects that humans can actually visit with spacecraft.

28
00:02:50.490 --> 00:02:54.990
Mike Liemohn: So, Dr fox has been in this position at NASA headquarters for about two and a half years.

29
00:02:56.700 --> 00:03:05.010
Mike Liemohn: And before that she worked at Johns Hopkins University is applied physics lab, which is about halfway between DC and baltimore there she.

30
00:03:05.820 --> 00:03:19.890
Mike Liemohn: Developed quite a long resume of accomplishments in satellite mission leadership and management, including high level positions with the Parker solar probe van Allen probes and a collection of satellites, known as the international solar terrestrial physics Program.

31
00:03:21.060 --> 00:03:32.340
Mike Liemohn: that's actually where I first met Dr Fox, I met her about 20 years ago at a small magnetosphere physics conference called the geospace environment modeling work workshop.

32
00:03:33.540 --> 00:03:40.620
Mike Liemohn: I was working on data from one of the ICP spacecraft polar and Nikki was in many of the same sessions, that I attended.

33
00:03:41.430 --> 00:03:51.570
Mike Liemohn: A little personal story about that I remember going to a PL for a workshop that Nikki had organized toward a detailed analysis of one particular space weather event.

34
00:03:52.200 --> 00:04:02.070
Mike Liemohn: And we're creating a timeline of observed features and and I had done this for one of the instruments I created a summary for the polar tide instrument.

35
00:04:03.360 --> 00:04:15.840
Mike Liemohn: And during that that process at some point she probably doesn't even remember, because it was just an offhand comment but she complimented the summary that I created of those of those.

36
00:04:16.680 --> 00:04:29.310
Mike Liemohn: measurements and so, so that it, you know that small compliment that she paid me has had actually a profound influence on me because up until then my expertise was focused on numerical modeling.

37
00:04:29.670 --> 00:04:43.500
Mike Liemohn: And really that you know, was one of the instigators that gave me the support that I needed to boost my confidence towards data analysis, so thank you very much Nikki you are a very good at very good motivator of other people.

38
00:04:44.610 --> 00:04:52.440
Mike Liemohn: Before working on the ICP satellites sweet she earned a bachelor's degree from imperial college of science, technology and medicine in London.

39
00:04:52.950 --> 00:05:05.790
Mike Liemohn: A master's degree from the University of Surrey and a PhD from imperial college she's authored numerous scientific papers won several awards for outstanding performance and is keenly involved in science, education and outreach activities.

40
00:05:06.630 --> 00:05:09.690
Mike Liemohn: So with that please join me in welcoming Dr fox.

41
00:05:10.830 --> 00:05:21.630
Nicola Fox: Thank you so much i'm going to my first my first feature of amazing can I actually share my PowerPoint presentation so let's see if you can let me know if you can see that.

42
00:05:22.710 --> 00:05:22.980
Nicola Fox: Did I.

43
00:05:23.010 --> 00:05:23.790
Mike Liemohn: Put that so we can.

44
00:05:24.270 --> 00:05:27.360
Nicola Fox: look good okay great so I.

45
00:05:27.930 --> 00:05:31.320
Nicola Fox: was tempted to say when you said you met me 20 years ago that, of course, I was only.

46
00:05:31.440 --> 00:05:35.640
Nicola Fox: 10 at the time, but you can see my video so i'm not going to get away with that.

47
00:05:36.270 --> 00:05:45.210
Nicola Fox: But I always worry when somebody starts with the words I have a funny story about that, and like oh God, what did I do so i'm really glad it was a positive funny story that you said there might.

48
00:05:45.690 --> 00:05:51.810
Nicola Fox: But anyway, um, so I am delighted to be here today, I would far rather be with you in person.

49
00:05:52.260 --> 00:06:01.890
Nicola Fox: than in the small confines of my spare room at home, but i'm really glad that we took the opportunity to do a visit with a number of.

50
00:06:02.190 --> 00:06:08.670
Nicola Fox: The faculty team today, which I really enjoyed meeting everybody and now considering the seminar, and I look forward to hopefully having.

51
00:06:09.300 --> 00:06:18.780
Nicola Fox: Some dialogue at the end with some questions so without further ado, I will jump into the presentation, which is really I like to start everything off with just some.

52
00:06:19.740 --> 00:06:28.830
Nicola Fox: views of a close up views of all Star and, of course, this is a very, very well known thing you see these all the time now, and you think yeah that's the sun.

53
00:06:29.220 --> 00:06:37.710
Nicola Fox: Great but you know it's still just makes me kind of brings me out in chills when I think that this you know where is he looking at a saw and there are other stars.

54
00:06:37.950 --> 00:06:48.570
Nicola Fox: In other stellar systems that have similar features and similar activity to two hours, and so you know we kind of take a lot of these beautiful images for granted, but we're looking at.

55
00:06:48.960 --> 00:06:58.770
Nicola Fox: At close up and personal with a star I just always think that that's a really amazing thing to start with, and of course I don't need to tell you what either your physics, is because.

56
00:06:59.790 --> 00:07:11.760
Nicola Fox: Professional amount of did such a great job of identifying it, but when we study physics, of course, we study the stall, it is the central thing for our cities, it is the thing that sheds.

57
00:07:12.150 --> 00:07:19.710
Nicola Fox: light and heat and energy and causes processes to occur all the way out to the very edge of our solar system and so.

58
00:07:20.100 --> 00:07:32.730
Nicola Fox: It is a style that we can study relatively easily and the mission i'm going to talk about today is certainly making huge strides in better understanding the sun and all of its activity.

59
00:07:33.600 --> 00:07:43.530
Nicola Fox: But as we, as we look at at our Star and unfortunately this video's it's going to play out for me and not pay for you, but, but this one should have shown you as you can see this.

60
00:07:43.800 --> 00:07:53.130
Nicola Fox: Continual radiation these particles that are coming from the sun and we call that the solar, wind when it impacts when it reaches our magnetic field.

61
00:07:53.700 --> 00:07:58.860
Nicola Fox: It kind of our magnetic field protects us and causes a protective bubble.

62
00:07:59.520 --> 00:08:06.000
Nicola Fox: or a cocoon that our planet is inside, which really protects us from the vagaries of the solar, wind.

63
00:08:06.390 --> 00:08:18.870
Nicola Fox: And the video kept playing a little bit more you've seen it, we would have zoomed in on the pulse of the sun and you've seen that atmosphere starting to stream away that is coming from the corona and it spirals out.

64
00:08:19.830 --> 00:08:31.620
Nicola Fox: From from the corona and then eventually becomes radio and impact over the planets and then we take it even further look out at the very edge of our heliosphere where our solar, wind.

65
00:08:31.890 --> 00:08:43.050
Nicola Fox: Is is is literally forming a protected cocoon for a whole solar system, as we are orbiting around the Milky Way so it's really important for us to understand our star.

66
00:08:43.890 --> 00:08:56.130
Nicola Fox: As well as its impact on not just our planet but on all planets so one of the first times that we realized that there was a profound effect or a link between.

67
00:08:56.760 --> 00:09:07.230
Nicola Fox: The sun and the earth was actually back in 1859 when a British astronomer Richard Carrington was sketching sunspots looking for his brother telescope as he did every day.

68
00:09:07.590 --> 00:09:16.950
Nicola Fox: And he saw a particularly large sunspot group that had been visible on the surface of the sun and was kind of rotating towards the sort of sun earth line.

69
00:09:17.460 --> 00:09:28.680
Nicola Fox: As he was looking at it, it was directly in in the sort of path of the earth, and he saw some bright white flashes of light he described them as fireballs.

70
00:09:29.280 --> 00:09:42.450
Nicola Fox: But they were very quick and by the time you ran off to get a colleague to say look at what i've seen they disappeared, but just a few hours later compass needles at the starting to kind of spin and.

71
00:09:43.350 --> 00:09:48.030
Nicola Fox: aurora the the northern lights were seeing down at very low latitudes.

72
00:09:48.270 --> 00:09:58.860
Nicola Fox: And in fact at that time, of course, there was no power grid, then, but there was a Telegraph system spots blue from the Telegraph system and the whole system in the US went down for a number of days.

73
00:09:59.430 --> 00:10:10.170
Nicola Fox: They so you know we That was the first time that it was really realized that big things that are happening on the sun have profound effects here on on earth.

74
00:10:10.680 --> 00:10:23.130
Nicola Fox: And so we call this the Carrington like event and the event we've zoomed in on here happened in 1989 so still a while ago, but what you can see, that is, the power grid in hydro Quebec.

75
00:10:23.670 --> 00:10:41.130
Nicola Fox: Literally going down and and and just collapsing of it took just a few moments for over 6 million people to be without power, a lot of them for a number of days, while they were able to get that power grid back up and that was directly caused by large award that went over the head.

76
00:10:43.920 --> 00:10:52.710
Nicola Fox: But we don't have to wait that long, so we talked about the Carrington event, and we think of it, maybe as a an event that happened every happens, maybe every hundred and 50 years or so.

77
00:10:53.190 --> 00:11:06.990
Nicola Fox: But in July of 2012 the most intense stone was observed in that 150 years now, it went off the side and the sun, but hadn't been a week earlier, it would have been in the direct pocket would have hit Earth.

78
00:11:07.560 --> 00:11:16.650
Nicola Fox: We were fortunate that there was a spacecraft in the pump of the event and so you're looking at images there from stereo unnecessary was Facebook, one of the necessary information.

79
00:11:17.670 --> 00:11:33.870
Nicola Fox: So they were actually the the mission was able to take data and we use that data ran it through our models and estimated that on had it happened a week earlier, it would have cost about $2 trillion of impact to us all, because of that event.

80
00:11:34.410 --> 00:11:37.830
Nicola Fox: So it's extremely important for us to study these events.

81
00:11:38.130 --> 00:11:47.100
Nicola Fox: Of course, these events have probably been happening all the time, but if they don't impact the earth until we've had this sort of armada of spacecraft that we have now.

82
00:11:47.310 --> 00:11:53.790
Nicola Fox: We wouldn't know if one went off the side of the of the sun before now we're in a much better position to do that.

83
00:11:54.420 --> 00:12:01.770
Nicola Fox: And the way we do, that is, with our here physics system Observatory, and so this is a look at some of the missions.

84
00:12:02.220 --> 00:12:12.570
Nicola Fox: That we have either in operation or in formulation, you can see a large number of missions in formulation there, and if I hit the button.

85
00:12:13.350 --> 00:12:19.140
Nicola Fox: You will see all of the new selections that we just made last month to robustly.

86
00:12:19.740 --> 00:12:25.290
Nicola Fox: increase our fleet and uh yeah so we have spacecraft pockets, all the prob i'm going to talk about.

87
00:12:25.680 --> 00:12:38.790
Nicola Fox: As the closest mission to a star, but we have missions, all the way out to the Voyager spacecraft the pair of spacecraft that have left the protective bubble caused by the solar, wind and out in interstellar space.

88
00:12:39.270 --> 00:12:50.010
Nicola Fox: And then I would certainly just like to draw your attention to summarize that you can see kind of in the middle towards the top there, which is the University of Michigan Michigan.

89
00:12:50.580 --> 00:13:05.400
Nicola Fox: Six little cube sets that are going to go out into the solar, wind separate and together these six space craft are going to form a sort of a giant virtual radio telescope and so listening to a lot of the.

90
00:13:05.970 --> 00:13:12.090
Nicola Fox: The events that come from the sun are accompanied with ripped by radio waves and being able to pick out these signals.

91
00:13:12.690 --> 00:13:25.410
Nicola Fox: Will will really enable us to better predict what is coming from the sun so we're very excited to have sunrise on board with us in formulation and the people were to that mission developing and eventually being launched.

92
00:13:27.060 --> 00:13:38.700
Nicola Fox: So i'll touch on some of the long standing mysteries of solar physics and the obvious one is why is the corona so much hotter than the surface of the sun and you're looking at here a series of images that were taken.

93
00:13:39.240 --> 00:13:50.490
Nicola Fox: By by soho and each image kind of corresponds to a different distance away from the sun it's different wavelengths but it's it's where the wavelength is sort of most.

94
00:13:51.210 --> 00:14:02.820
Nicola Fox: most prevalent and so, if we can start from the beginning now you see that the surface of the sun is at about 6000 degrees and as we step out through this progression of images into the corona.

95
00:14:03.270 --> 00:14:20.250
Nicola Fox: That hazy atmosphere that you see during the total solar eclipse you can see that we reach the maximum about 3 million degrees and so why is why is the the surface of the sun about 300 times cooler than the its surrounding atmosphere that's one of the mysteries that we want to solve.

96
00:14:21.540 --> 00:14:27.750
Nicola Fox: And also, where does the solar, wind originate and how is it accelerated and so I talked in the.

97
00:14:28.320 --> 00:14:38.400
Nicola Fox: beginning about the fact that this this hazy atmosphere, the corona is continually accelerated and it moves away from the sun bates all of the planets.

98
00:14:38.640 --> 00:14:43.800
Nicola Fox: And, and therefore causes interactions it carries with it a magnetic field, which will interact with.

99
00:14:44.250 --> 00:14:57.870
Nicola Fox: earth's magnetic field and actually causes impacts for us here on earth, so why is this solar, wind, why is it able to break away from the giant pole of a star, and indeed carve out this cocoon for us in space.

100
00:14:58.740 --> 00:15:07.890
Nicola Fox: And then the last major mystery is how our solar energetic particles accelerated and transported, so you saw there a big bright flash.

101
00:15:08.550 --> 00:15:19.890
Nicola Fox: That is a large black leaving the sun and causing particles to travel at about half the speed of light which is significantly faster than the solar winds normally travels.

102
00:15:20.280 --> 00:15:30.390
Nicola Fox: And so you get shocks that form and all kinds of interesting things that occur that are these very sort of short live events that are happening in the solar, wind.

103
00:15:31.830 --> 00:15:43.110
Nicola Fox: So the only way to really go and study this is to go up into the surface into the the atmosphere of the summer and you see some images here from 1958 with James van Allen.

104
00:15:43.380 --> 00:15:51.600
Nicola Fox: who of course had just launched explorer one and discovered that space was actually interesting that it wasn't empty, but it was full of radiation and other exciting things.

105
00:15:52.020 --> 00:16:00.510
Nicola Fox: At the same time you saw there a quick look at a paper that was published by Dr eugene Parker who was then a young scientist.

106
00:16:01.200 --> 00:16:08.730
Nicola Fox: Who published this theory about how the solar, wind should be accelerated and indeed doing exactly what we now know it does.

107
00:16:09.420 --> 00:16:22.770
Nicola Fox: It was a very controversial paper at the time, and many people didn't didn't think he was right, and so it really gave rise to the wish to have a mission that would really go in and do that.

108
00:16:23.730 --> 00:16:42.480
Nicola Fox: And so, in 2018 we get an deed launch Parker sala pro and then you can see her making a daring pass through the sun's corona and really getting into the region where all of the atmosphere, all of the excitement sorry is happening in that in that local neighborhood.

109
00:16:43.650 --> 00:16:56.040
Nicola Fox: So it is a head start mission of the many reasons, one it dates back to 1958 it was first proposed then as one of the big missions for for the Agency to do.

110
00:16:56.730 --> 00:17:05.040
Nicola Fox: It takes a long time to be able to hone technology and to be able to really do this kind of mission, so it took about 16 years from from the.

111
00:17:05.490 --> 00:17:11.520
Nicola Fox: First time that report was published saying that we should do it to us actually having a mission on the patent.

112
00:17:11.910 --> 00:17:20.370
Nicola Fox: On the other reason it's historic is it's the first time that we ever named a NASA mission of the somebody during their own lifetime, and so you can see.

113
00:17:20.850 --> 00:17:38.400
Nicola Fox: eugene Parker that I had the great privilege of taking you into the clean room to meet the spacecraft that that boy his name, and it was a big thrill for me, obviously, but a very emotional moment for for gene standing looking at this, this incredible mission.

114
00:17:40.170 --> 00:17:49.170
Nicola Fox: So i'll just touch quickly on some of the technology innovations that we had with to be able to to make solar private reality.

115
00:17:49.530 --> 00:17:53.130
Nicola Fox: The first one, and of course the most obvious one is how do you protect it from the heat.

116
00:17:53.700 --> 00:17:59.250
Nicola Fox: It is traveling through incredible temperatures it's in the region of 3 million degree plasma.

117
00:17:59.550 --> 00:18:05.310
Nicola Fox: It doesn't actually have to worry about 3 million degrees because there's a difference in temperature and heat.

118
00:18:05.610 --> 00:18:15.900
Nicola Fox: And so the solar, wind is not particularly dense and so, even though the individual particles of a tree million degrees, there are not a lot of them that actually couple into the spacecraft.

119
00:18:16.200 --> 00:18:21.000
Nicola Fox: And so I will get smacked by any engineers, if I use the words only.

120
00:18:21.690 --> 00:18:31.350
Nicola Fox: 2500 degrees Fahrenheit but compared to 3 million degrees, that is, that is a significant thing, but it does the spacecraft does have to deal with temperatures up to.

121
00:18:32.010 --> 00:18:46.200
Nicola Fox: 1400 degrees Celsius 2500 degrees Fahrenheit and so, and most of the heat that the spacecraft has to deal with is because of the light from the sun, that the energy from the photons because we're so close to this big star.

122
00:18:46.650 --> 00:19:01.980
Nicola Fox: So the the very prevalent thing that you see is the heat shield that stands proud in front of the spacecraft it is made of carbon carbon composite, which is very much like a graphite and proxy that you might find in a nice tennis racket or a nice bike.

123
00:19:03.840 --> 00:19:15.930
Nicola Fox: It has a white a white the white coating that is plasma sprayed onto the front of that heat shield it's an alumina compound there was actually a specially designed for Parker solar pros.

124
00:19:16.290 --> 00:19:26.250
Nicola Fox: because not only do you does it have to withstand incredible heat when we're close to the sun, but the orbit of pocket takes the spacecraft out around the orbit of Venus.

125
00:19:26.730 --> 00:19:34.650
Nicola Fox: Which means that the spacecraft gets continuing very hot and very cold and having something that will actually withstand the continual change in temperature.

126
00:19:34.950 --> 00:19:45.540
Nicola Fox: Is is a big challenge, obviously it can't flake it can't fall off it needs to be able to withstand that so also just the the sheer feat of holding this.

127
00:19:46.230 --> 00:20:00.570
Nicola Fox: This heat shield in place is another model, it was a special titanium welded structure that was put in place and that sort of stands that's that's the big sort of protein shake thing you can see that it's holding the heat shield in place.

128
00:20:01.500 --> 00:20:05.250
Nicola Fox: That has each of the it, so the the.

129
00:20:05.700 --> 00:20:15.420
Nicola Fox: heat shield itself is held on to that that trust Assembly by just six carbon bolts and and we want to have as few touch points as possible, because we don't want to.

130
00:20:15.630 --> 00:20:22.200
Nicola Fox: convert any of the heat that the heat shield does have to deal with into the main body of the spacecraft so just six carbon bolts.

131
00:20:22.560 --> 00:20:29.460
Nicola Fox: And they're attached by our kind of shoulder joints So if you think about the ball joint that you have on your shoulder that will allow.

132
00:20:30.090 --> 00:20:35.400
Nicola Fox: Motion and old all different degrees of freedom because, as the.

133
00:20:35.820 --> 00:20:44.250
Nicola Fox: heat shield at changes temperature, it will also increase in size, it means that of Babel like a drum make that even kind of form, like a potato chip shaped like a pringle.

134
00:20:44.610 --> 00:20:52.260
Nicola Fox: As the the different heating and cooling happen to that heat shield so being able to keep it in place is really important.

135
00:20:53.250 --> 00:21:03.120
Nicola Fox: The other thing with the the continual change in temperature is that also drove some of the instrumentation we had to have it wasn't so much that the instruments were.

136
00:21:03.930 --> 00:21:12.000
Nicola Fox: New highly technologically challenged instruments it's just that they needed to be able to work in this environment, and so the solar pro Cup.

137
00:21:12.360 --> 00:21:23.970
Nicola Fox: And the p I, of course, for that is justin kasbah from the University of Michigan that actually had to have very exotic materials used in the in the solar pro cup itself.

138
00:21:25.080 --> 00:21:32.100
Nicola Fox: Things like Nairobi molly cesium all kinds of very expensive very difficult.

139
00:21:33.900 --> 00:21:48.360
Nicola Fox: materials had to be found that would be able to withstand this incredible temperatures shifts also suspending all of their wiring and sapphire crystal cheap so everything, even a simple and quotes simple instrument like a.

140
00:21:49.860 --> 00:22:00.330
Nicola Fox: faraday cup actually require a great deal of technology to be able to withstand the heat of the mission, and then the last thing was our solar panels and I.

141
00:22:00.930 --> 00:22:05.610
Nicola Fox: often get people looking at me like, why is that a challenge, because you go into some surely it should be easy.

142
00:22:06.240 --> 00:22:12.510
Nicola Fox: With solar panels, but as any of you know who may have left your iPhone on the front seat of the car on a hot day.

143
00:22:13.050 --> 00:22:22.620
Nicola Fox: Technology and electronics does not like to get hot and solar panels are no exception to that so finding a way to keep them cool at all times.

144
00:22:23.190 --> 00:22:36.240
Nicola Fox: So two ways of doing that one is that the whole solar wings themselves are articulated again on kind of shoulder joints so that they can come stretch out to their full full spread.

145
00:22:36.600 --> 00:22:48.930
Nicola Fox: When we're out around Venus to get as much power as the spacecraft as possible and then tucking all the way in to the Jesse like a knife edge of solar cells just peeking out when we're really close to the sun.

146
00:22:49.620 --> 00:23:00.240
Nicola Fox: Also, we continually call them we run water through, if you like, the veins that run between each of the solar cells, we run water through those to continually keep.

147
00:23:00.780 --> 00:23:10.200
Nicola Fox: That that that cool and that's the first time that's a system like that's being used on space mission so they're just a couple of the big innovations that we use.

148
00:23:10.800 --> 00:23:23.130
Nicola Fox: And this is just a nice movie here of putting the spacecraft together, so you can see, putting that the zoo at the spacecraft it's very small and compact, because it has to stay in the shield all of the.

149
00:23:23.910 --> 00:23:34.260
Nicola Fox: The heat shield, and you can see that that is the titanium structure that holds the heat shield in place and also holds the radiators that what could that cooling system.

150
00:23:34.710 --> 00:23:41.580
Nicola Fox: This is the heat shield being put together it's about six feet in diameter or eight feet in diameter about four and a half inches thick.

151
00:23:42.720 --> 00:23:53.490
Nicola Fox: And that's the vibration testing, which is one of the most horrific key frightening things i've ever watched saying i'm very noisy, seeing that spacecraft being shaken to make sure it would survive the journey to space.

152
00:23:55.110 --> 00:24:01.350
Nicola Fox: Here you can see, as lowering the the spacecraft into the thermal back Chamber that's at NASA Goddard space flight Center.

153
00:24:01.860 --> 00:24:13.230
Nicola Fox: Where they basically simulate all of the heat and call that the the mission will have to go through in space that you can see it's loading it onto C 17 where the we had a right down to.

154
00:24:13.800 --> 00:24:24.120
Nicola Fox: Cape canaveral courtesy of the US Air Force and here is the the final preparations, there is the heat shield being put on, and you can see those six joints.

155
00:24:24.480 --> 00:24:32.880
Nicola Fox: Nice view of it there that hold the heat shield on place in place with that carbon bolt nice new their white coating on the top and then.

156
00:24:33.720 --> 00:24:43.920
Nicola Fox: Lifting the space cards and putting her on top of the final the upper stage motor, that is, the kick motor that gave her the final delta be leaving the planet that she has inside.

157
00:24:44.490 --> 00:24:58.110
Nicola Fox: hubli tricked out bearing on top of the delta for heavy and then the final shot bay and you can see, is is the rocket on last night with the building the talent moved away so that the rocket is.

158
00:24:58.170 --> 00:24:59.490
Neha Satish: Already, to go to space and.

159
00:24:59.670 --> 00:25:05.160
Nicola Fox: i'll just note, you can see there the the logo on the side of the spacecraft the pocket solar probe logo.

160
00:25:05.520 --> 00:25:16.200
Nicola Fox: The spacecraft inside that logo is about the same size as the actual spacecraft and so that kind of gives you an idea of the scale of the size of that rocket to our little tiny.

161
00:25:17.010 --> 00:25:27.840
Nicola Fox: spacecraft we looked like a hood ornament on the top of the delta for but we needed all of that delta V to be able to get us onto the trajectory that we need to be able to go and encounter the sun.

162
00:25:28.560 --> 00:25:42.720
Nicola Fox: And so, this is just a sequence of the launch, so this is August 12 331 in the morning going at the very beginning of the launch window after giving us a very emotional night The night before when she didn't actually launch.

163
00:25:43.740 --> 00:25:55.200
Nicola Fox: But there, she is lifting off into into space and you'll see the one of the first things that happens is the fairing opens and solar probe is now out in in space.

164
00:25:55.830 --> 00:26:05.490
Nicola Fox: there's a second stage motor cryogenically fueled motor that that fired and then you can see a separating the next thing you'll see is that kick motor.

165
00:26:06.120 --> 00:26:12.600
Nicola Fox: That fires, really, really critical piece for us that gave us more than half of our delta V for the mission.

166
00:26:13.260 --> 00:26:23.340
Nicola Fox: We needed to have so much energy leaving the planet, because we did not want to be any way dragged around by the orbit of the earth, we wanted to leave any influence.

167
00:26:23.610 --> 00:26:31.950
Nicola Fox: Of the earth and be able to move into into space and to be able to encounter the sun, so you can see, there are a couple of the things we did in commissioning.

168
00:26:33.090 --> 00:26:40.290
Nicola Fox: deploying the antennas deploying the magnetometers off the back and, of course, the first thing is putting out the solar panels to get energy.

169
00:26:41.070 --> 00:26:46.470
Nicola Fox: That we are flying past the planet Venus we encountered Venus just six and a half weeks off the launch.

170
00:26:47.310 --> 00:26:53.760
Nicola Fox: We do gravity assists at Venus a little bit like a handbrake turn we use Venus to slow down a little bit.

171
00:26:54.300 --> 00:27:06.720
Nicola Fox: It turns the orbit in towards the sun and really focuses on our path around the sun into those very tight petal orbits that you can see, we will do.

172
00:27:07.380 --> 00:27:23.700
Nicola Fox: Seven, a total of seven Venus flybys and in the mission, we are coming up on our fourth one now each time we do a Venus flyby we slow down trim the orbit a little bit and move move the spacecraft closer and closer into the sun.

173
00:27:24.900 --> 00:27:31.710
Nicola Fox: And so I always like to know we're not competitive at all and solar pro which is hotter faster and closer than anything else has ever been.

174
00:27:32.430 --> 00:27:42.210
Nicola Fox: So we'll have to clearly real in in the region of the corona we're dealing with those incredible temperatures and we're in the the the heart of the corona faster.

175
00:27:42.810 --> 00:27:56.280
Nicola Fox: At a top speed, we will be moving at about 430,000 miles an hour, which is about 118 miles a second currently on a last encounter we actually just finished.

176
00:27:56.850 --> 00:28:07.590
Nicola Fox: perihelion number seven and we were traveling at about 290,000 miles an hour and just a little over 8 million miles from the sun surface.

177
00:28:08.340 --> 00:28:16.110
Nicola Fox: As we continue to go in closer and closer of closest approach will put us at about 3.9 million miles away from the sun.

178
00:28:16.530 --> 00:28:25.350
Nicola Fox: And I love this graphic because I often get people that say 3 million miles that doesn't sound that close, but if I put the earth and the sun on either side of a football field.

179
00:28:26.070 --> 00:28:39.330
Nicola Fox: dropped in mercury at the sun's 35 yard line Venus at the 28 yard line some of those really big long coronal loops that we saw in that initial sequence can get out to about the 15 yard line.

180
00:28:39.690 --> 00:28:49.830
Nicola Fox: So up until solo pro had launched the closest spacecraft to the sun at that point had got as far as the sun's 29 yard line so that was helio's to.

181
00:28:50.310 --> 00:28:58.920
Nicola Fox: And then, but solo pro with we welcome to the stadium for the main event Parker solo pro she will talk and run to the four yard line.

182
00:28:59.400 --> 00:29:13.080
Nicola Fox: So in the red zone knocking on the door for a touchdown go whichever team you like in this in the super bowl, but that is, that is just a really nice perspective of how close to the sun pockets, all the purple get.

183
00:29:14.310 --> 00:29:24.240
Nicola Fox: I want to take a few minutes and go through some of the kind of early results from the mission, so one of the things we've been able to do is view the solar corona up close.

184
00:29:24.750 --> 00:29:29.010
Nicola Fox: And so, this isn't a you know, particularly stunning video particularly compared to.

185
00:29:29.430 --> 00:29:40.080
Nicola Fox: Some of the the solar videos we saw at the beginning, but one of the things that's really interesting is, you see a lot of very small scale features there's actually a little event there that goes off on the sun.

186
00:29:40.440 --> 00:29:53.910
Nicola Fox: Now that is not visible at all from our spacecraft that are close to the earth say sdo that's an earth orbit or soho or stereo they are not able to see with a resolution.

187
00:29:54.240 --> 00:30:09.600
Nicola Fox: So we think these things happen very, very close to the sun and then maybe just dissipate so we've been able to really get some some very nice views of these very, very tiny features that can be very, very significant in dumping energy into the corona.

188
00:30:10.950 --> 00:30:14.520
Nicola Fox: This is another shot another movie rather have.

189
00:30:15.870 --> 00:30:19.020
Nicola Fox: Some Oh, maybe that's not going to play i'm not having a good day.

190
00:30:20.550 --> 00:30:34.230
Nicola Fox: let's give it another go there, we go of yet more structure that we see in in the solar, wind so there's some nice flux ropes in here that you can see a lot of turbulence, a lot of dust as well the inner he is very is very dusty.

191
00:30:35.220 --> 00:30:39.090
Nicola Fox: And so we're seeing really nice close up views of.

192
00:30:39.840 --> 00:30:49.500
Nicola Fox: regions of the sun that we've actually never been able to image before because we've always just been too far away and we always have to look through the atmosphere, so now we're actually in the atmosphere.

193
00:30:50.040 --> 00:30:59.520
Nicola Fox: And really able to image it one of the discoveries that we think we made with a whisper camera is the discovery of magnetic islands.

194
00:30:59.790 --> 00:31:04.740
Nicola Fox: So from numerical simulations we learned that magnetic reconnection.

195
00:31:05.040 --> 00:31:15.990
Nicola Fox: In current sheets, so that this phenomena, where you have to to kind of different populations of magnetic fields mixing together and they kind of pinch off bubbles of plasma.

196
00:31:16.320 --> 00:31:27.750
Nicola Fox: And so we learned that when we see magnetic reconnection it can lead to the formation of a structure called a magnetic island it's like a piece of plasma that's kind of marooned because it's being pinched off on either side.

197
00:31:28.350 --> 00:31:38.160
Nicola Fox: And these are sites where particles can be trapped and gain a lot of energy, particularly as heat and that's illustrated in this an hd simulation.

198
00:31:38.850 --> 00:31:45.990
Nicola Fox: However, it's really remained a theoretical prediction, for a long time because there just isn't that much evidence for it in space data.

199
00:31:46.530 --> 00:31:59.430
Nicola Fox: But we believe that whisper observed a number of events that look very much like magnetic islands and it's maybe a little bit hard to see on your screen, but you can see the close up that excuse me of the red the red dot.

200
00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:08.070
Nicola Fox: we're seeing a magnetic island there we think this is one of those we see it, forming along at kind of a stream stalk.

201
00:32:08.520 --> 00:32:14.520
Nicola Fox: So you see a sort of a more darker stream there, which is a little concentrated solar stream.

202
00:32:15.090 --> 00:32:27.510
Nicola Fox: We see that magnetic island moving outward and the importance of these new findings is really two different different ways one we're always looking for energy sources for the heating and the acceleration of plasma.

203
00:32:27.990 --> 00:32:37.620
Nicola Fox: And if this is the case, the second thing is really then then magnetic islands should really occur all over the corona and could really be a factor in in the heating.

204
00:32:39.180 --> 00:32:42.900
Nicola Fox: So I mentioned when I showed that that first movie that.

205
00:32:43.500 --> 00:32:56.460
Nicola Fox: That the the there's a lot of dust in the inner corona one of the things that we we think we may have found or we're starting to see again with a whisper camera is evidence for a dust free region.

206
00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:07.890
Nicola Fox: Around around the sun, and this was predicted in 1929 that that we would we might see this, you know we know our solar system is kind of a wash in dust.

207
00:33:08.460 --> 00:33:16.050
Nicola Fox: That cosmic crumbs of collisions that formed planets and asteroids and comets and other celestial bodies billions of years ago.

208
00:33:16.530 --> 00:33:24.360
Nicola Fox: And then, but almost a century ago, Henry Russell predicted that there should be a region around the sun, that is, indeed, devoid of dust.

209
00:33:24.690 --> 00:33:35.400
Nicola Fox: And the reason for this is that the large particles far away from our star go through a kind of a grinding process due to collisions and so, therefore, the closer we get to the sun.

210
00:33:35.700 --> 00:33:42.120
Nicola Fox: The smaller the dust particles get and the small particles get heated much more effectively than the large ones.

211
00:33:42.480 --> 00:33:52.440
Nicola Fox: So, at a certain distance these particles must get so hot, to the point of evaporation and they're also subject to frequent collision with solar, wind items.

212
00:33:52.770 --> 00:34:02.220
Nicola Fox: And so the evaporated material can get carried away under the effect of the solar, wind and the radiation pressure which therefore should result in a dust free zone.

213
00:34:02.790 --> 00:34:09.060
Nicola Fox: So people have looked for this zone for decades, but so far there's been no evidence of it whatsoever.

214
00:34:09.750 --> 00:34:22.140
Nicola Fox: And, of course, one of the reasons is you're looking through the dust to try and see the dust free region and so it's like looking through the trees to try and see the clearing you really can't because the trees are in the way, so the dust is in the way.

215
00:34:23.190 --> 00:34:30.030
Nicola Fox: And so let's see if we can get this to advance Oh, I have the multicolored wheel of death let's go back.

216
00:34:31.770 --> 00:34:44.190
Nicola Fox: So sorry okay so whisper has been able to see some hints of this dust free zone so whisper the movie if I can get the movie to play see if we can get that to play.

217
00:34:45.360 --> 00:34:45.900
Nicola Fox: That we go.

218
00:34:47.370 --> 00:34:58.530
Nicola Fox: It this is from our very first orbit and it shows that the the dust is mostly scattered light and if we plot that intensity of the light along the access of symmetry.

219
00:34:59.220 --> 00:35:11.430
Nicola Fox: We can see that the plot there the dashed lines as the intensity as seen from one a you or seen from here at earth and it increases, all the way to the sun, which means that there's no signature of a dust free zone.

220
00:35:12.000 --> 00:35:19.650
Nicola Fox: But when we start on the other hand, shows that the intensity of this F corona light starts to decline, as we get close to the sun.

221
00:35:20.010 --> 00:35:28.050
Nicola Fox: So this means that the dust density is also decreasing, and so this is a serious hand that a dust free zone exists.

222
00:35:28.470 --> 00:35:43.410
Nicola Fox: And we certainly expect that to see the a larger decline of the F corona during the coming orbits and as we've seen in orbit four and five, there is actually a chance that we may in fact finally see the dust free region.

223
00:35:44.280 --> 00:35:53.670
Nicola Fox: itself, and so we are very much looking forward to getting all of the data down we don't have all the data down from all of the orbits yet because it's a challenge, even to get that down.

224
00:35:54.180 --> 00:36:02.400
Nicola Fox: But at the rate of the thing that we're seeing in this graph scientists expect to see a truly dust free zone studying maybe a little bit.

225
00:36:02.760 --> 00:36:08.520
Nicola Fox: More than two or 3 million miles from the sun and so since since our whisper camera.

226
00:36:08.940 --> 00:36:23.220
Nicola Fox: It looks off the side, but it does it looks in front of the spacecraft it looks at what is coming towards us in the solar, wind and so we actually think that we may truly be able to see a region where there is indeed no dust at all so it's quite an exciting results.

227
00:36:25.080 --> 00:36:38.940
Nicola Fox: One of my favorite results is the unexpected magnetic structures that we call a switch back in the young solar, wind, so one of the things that we knew planning this mission is the magnetic fields we're going to be very important, and you can see that.

228
00:36:39.450 --> 00:36:41.070
Nicola Fox: The different fields coming from.

229
00:36:41.220 --> 00:36:48.720
Nicola Fox: Red coming from the northern pole blue coming from the southern Pole and in the Center there the closed field lines and so.

230
00:36:49.290 --> 00:37:01.590
Nicola Fox: Definitely, we know that we're in the equatorial region, so we are very much looking at maybe the transition region between the northern and southern hemisphere magnetic field, and so, of course, they will have different.

231
00:37:02.040 --> 00:37:17.550
Nicola Fox: directions, since one is coming out of the sun and one is going in, we will see the field lines and moving the the overall magnetic fields pointing in different directions, so you know we expected to see a couple of times that the spacecraft would cross between these two regions.

232
00:37:18.930 --> 00:37:29.490
Nicola Fox: So you know we knew that the the magnetic field is going to be very dynamic, in fact, we plan for that, by carrying multiple magnetometers to make sure that we cover the full frequency range.

233
00:37:29.880 --> 00:37:39.000
Nicola Fox: This is just a graphic showing the region, the region not explored before Parker solar probe so we don't ever had missions that are gone in as far as the planet mercury.

234
00:37:39.660 --> 00:37:52.800
Nicola Fox: But, but never anything beyond that and so this was unveiled to a room of scientists and I maybe we're not very exciting, but we August, when we saw the incredible changes in the magnetic fields and so.

235
00:37:53.280 --> 00:38:02.760
Nicola Fox: This is the sort of expected scaling that that we thought we would see and there is just not only just big magnetic fields but continually fluctuating magnetic fields.

236
00:38:03.030 --> 00:38:10.320
Nicola Fox: And so you know number one you check is your magnetometer working properly, is there anything wrong with the instruments, is there any reason reason that we're seeing.

237
00:38:10.830 --> 00:38:16.590
Nicola Fox: A continual flip in polarity of the magnetic field, and then there was the possibility, well, maybe.

238
00:38:17.220 --> 00:38:23.310
Nicola Fox: Maybe where we're moving between those two regions continually maybe the current sheet is kind of moving above and below.

239
00:38:24.180 --> 00:38:29.910
Nicola Fox: pocket solo pro very quickly and we're seeing each of these these little features, but what we found.

240
00:38:30.480 --> 00:38:43.350
Nicola Fox: was actually they are, they are true features in the magnetic field, they form kind of like an s shape and is where the magnetic field is literally reversing with still wealth wealth being pulled out.

241
00:38:44.280 --> 00:38:51.180
Nicola Fox: With the solar, wind it's actually having a feature that is causing it to kind of go back on itself and make this s shaped curve.

242
00:38:51.990 --> 00:39:07.170
Nicola Fox: The one of the reasons that we were able to identify, this was using a combination of not just the magnetic field data but also the plasma data from the sweep sensors So these are the electrostatic analyzers designed.

243
00:39:08.310 --> 00:39:13.650
Nicola Fox: By University of California Berkeley as part of the University of Michigan sweet sweet.

244
00:39:14.490 --> 00:39:18.660
Nicola Fox: And so what you're looking at there as pitch angle distributions in the bottom panel.

245
00:39:19.080 --> 00:39:33.450
Nicola Fox: And you can see a couple of current sheet reversals where you can see that sort of the bulk of the plasma they're moving from one hemisphere to another, so you can see a complete reversal, so we know that that is a true field reversal but otherwise.

246
00:39:33.990 --> 00:39:44.070
Nicola Fox: you're seeing so we'd rather wait a true move move to a different polarities so you're moving from the northern to the southern area of the sun's magnetic field.

247
00:39:45.120 --> 00:39:56.640
Nicola Fox: But for the bulk of that we're all of those major Spikes are seen in the magnetic field, the plasma is staying flowing on the field line, and so there is no large scale reversal, it is literally just the.

248
00:39:57.240 --> 00:40:02.970
Nicola Fox: The the magnetic field kind of curling back on itself, which is interesting, it is that's unexpected.

249
00:40:03.510 --> 00:40:15.900
Nicola Fox: It takes a lot of energy to actually form to cause a magnetic field line to kind of kink if you imagine taking a piece of garden hose and trying to make that kink it wants to spring open all the time.

250
00:40:16.170 --> 00:40:24.150
Nicola Fox: And so we know that there is something in the magnetic field something in the corona that is causing these kinks to happen in in.

251
00:40:24.600 --> 00:40:34.830
Nicola Fox: The sun's magnetic field and as those kinks relax they will of course release energy, and so this is definitely a big smoking gun, for what is causing.

252
00:40:35.130 --> 00:40:46.290
Nicola Fox: heating and acceleration in the sun's corona now what is causing these the switchbacks, that is, that is going to be the subject of another symposium when we have more results.

253
00:40:47.100 --> 00:40:56.760
Nicola Fox: But a very, very interesting result we saw that on our very first orbit when we thought we were really quite far away from from the action region, and yet we've discovered that.

254
00:40:57.060 --> 00:41:02.310
Nicola Fox: The all of this excitement is happening further away from the sun that we may have have originally predicted.

255
00:41:03.180 --> 00:41:09.300
Nicola Fox: As we've gotten closer and closer after another couple of Venus flybys we've seen the switchbacks.

256
00:41:09.570 --> 00:41:20.490
Nicola Fox: Continuing to be there, but the magnitude and also the number of them, the number of occurrences of them is increasing the closer we get to the sun so we're hoping very soon to be able to.

257
00:41:20.700 --> 00:41:26.370
Nicola Fox: To provide information on what is actually causing these switchbacks but beautiful result from our very first orbit.

258
00:41:27.330 --> 00:41:40.980
Nicola Fox: And then the last one I will just study on that just focus on again from justin kasbah was the discovery of the extended curve rotation of the solar, wind and so, if you think of.

259
00:41:41.640 --> 00:41:53.100
Nicola Fox: The way a magnetic fields can rotate in a plasma if it's a very rigid body with a very strong magnetic field, then the whole magnetic field is kind of just rotating with the with the body.

260
00:41:53.280 --> 00:41:59.940
Nicola Fox: At the same time, so we'll put the sun in there, and you can see the sun kind of rotating with this very rigid magnetic field.

261
00:42:00.690 --> 00:42:09.240
Nicola Fox: What we see in the sun is is a less rigid rotation, so you can see that the footprints of of the magnetic field are kind of getting.

262
00:42:09.720 --> 00:42:21.780
Nicola Fox: delayed they're getting pulled back by the the very loaded plasma and so, if that's what's causing a spiral which is how we see the solar, wind, leaving the sun in this spiral.

263
00:42:22.440 --> 00:42:32.010
Nicola Fox: But there's got to be a transition region where it goes from this sort of spiral shape into the more radial flow that we see here when the solar, wind impacts Earth.

264
00:42:33.390 --> 00:42:45.390
Nicola Fox: And so well, one of the questions is was the youngest son rotating faster than was previously thought, and so we you know the once again, these are decades or questions.

265
00:42:45.900 --> 00:42:53.940
Nicola Fox: How exactly does the solar, wind flow out from the sun so near earth we see the solar, wind flowing almost radiate, as I said.

266
00:42:54.600 --> 00:43:02.850
Nicola Fox: So it's streaming kind of directly from the sun straight out in all directions, but as the sun rotates it releases the solar, wind.

267
00:43:03.630 --> 00:43:15.960
Nicola Fox: So as but right before it breaks three breaks free, we know that the solar, wind is kind of spinning, along with the sun so it's a bit like a child riding on a playground kind of.

268
00:43:16.740 --> 00:43:31.560
Nicola Fox: You know, a fairground carousel the atmosphere itself is rotating with the sun, much like the outer part of the carousel will rotate but the further you go from the Center the faster you're moving on that carousel So if you jumped off the edge I don't.

269
00:43:32.130 --> 00:43:35.310
Nicola Fox: don't recommend it, but if you jumped off the edge of a moving.

270
00:43:36.030 --> 00:43:41.190
Nicola Fox: carousel you would then move in a straight line, rather than continue rotating.

271
00:43:41.490 --> 00:43:54.090
Nicola Fox: So, in the same way there's some point between the sun and the earth, that the solar, wind transitions from rotating along with the sun to flowing directly outwards or radiate outwards like we see here from us.

272
00:43:54.600 --> 00:43:57.420
Nicola Fox: And so, for the first time, rather than just seeing.

273
00:43:57.870 --> 00:44:03.390
Nicola Fox: The straight line flow that we see near earth pockets, all the probe was also able to.

274
00:44:03.630 --> 00:44:17.460
Nicola Fox: observe the solar, wind, while it was still rotating so it's as if Parker solar probe got a view of the edge of the whirling carousel directly for the very first time, not just those children jumping off from it.

275
00:44:17.910 --> 00:44:30.180
Nicola Fox: And so the solar, wind instrument and again with sweep detected rotation stealthy more than 20 million miles away from the sun, and that is much further out than all of our models predicted.

276
00:44:30.510 --> 00:44:40.140
Nicola Fox: And as parka approached the perihelion the speed of the rotation really picked up and increased the strength of the second circulation was stronger.

277
00:44:40.440 --> 00:44:53.970
Nicola Fox: than any scientists that predicted so not just the distance, but also the strength of the circulation and, but it also transitioned much more quickly from that that radiate from that.

278
00:44:54.900 --> 00:45:01.740
Nicola Fox: flow with with the rotation into the radio flow is a really, really sharp transition.

279
00:45:02.430 --> 00:45:10.710
Nicola Fox: And so that, of course, will help mask these effects from where we were we usually sit here at earth 93 million miles away from the sun.

280
00:45:11.160 --> 00:45:24.930
Nicola Fox: And so it was a real surprise, we you know we thought we would eventually see rotation motion closer to the sun, but the high speeds that we saw in those first encounters were about 10 times larger than predicted.

281
00:45:25.440 --> 00:45:31.440
Nicola Fox: In in our standard models and so it's a, you know as pocket continues to venture closer.

282
00:45:32.010 --> 00:45:44.790
Nicola Fox: We are getting offers observations this effect and either the so there's sideways motion much stronger than predicted and also transitioning more quickly than predicted into this straight out would flow.

283
00:45:45.420 --> 00:45:51.870
Nicola Fox: And so the this enormous extended atmosphere of the sun, of course, will affect the sun's rotation.

284
00:45:52.230 --> 00:46:00.690
Nicola Fox: and understanding this transition point in the solar, wind is really key to helping us understand how the sun's rotation slows down over time.

285
00:46:00.960 --> 00:46:07.950
Nicola Fox: And that has implications for us for the life cycles of our Star and and maybe it's violent past, as well as.

286
00:46:08.760 --> 00:46:22.890
Nicola Fox: Better enabling us to understand other stars and the formation of their discs and the dentists, with gas and dusted and circle young stars, so this is a preliminary results, but it was a very interesting.

287
00:46:24.270 --> 00:46:27.540
Nicola Fox: Study for us, even on that very first little bit.

288
00:46:28.980 --> 00:46:41.190
Nicola Fox: And then i'll just sort of finished by by looking at, meanwhile, on the other side of the heliosphere so we talked a lot about everything that's happening in the inner heliosphere but very exciting things happening.

289
00:46:41.790 --> 00:46:47.250
Nicola Fox: On the other edge of our heliosphere and so, if we look here we can see the familiar side.

290
00:46:47.610 --> 00:47:05.490
Nicola Fox: sight of our Milky Way and of course we orbit around in one of the spiral arms of our Milky Way and so as we sort of focus in you'll start to see our heliosphere coming into view and so that is the protective bubble, that the solar, wind carves out for us.

291
00:47:06.510 --> 00:47:15.540
Nicola Fox: In space, so you can see the sun in the Center of the solar, wind emanating all the way out and then, as the solar, wind kind of runs out of steam, if you like.

292
00:47:16.170 --> 00:47:21.810
Nicola Fox: It is it meets the boundary with interstellar space and there is a very.

293
00:47:22.440 --> 00:47:37.650
Nicola Fox: Dynamic boundary that is there and we are moving ahead to study that one with our voyages that cross through which i'm going to talk about that in a minute then crossing through this boundary but also with a new mission called a map that is is designed to really take.

294
00:47:38.850 --> 00:47:53.430
Nicola Fox: Images remote sensor images of the boundary and look at how what is coming from the solar, wind from the sun how those acceleration processes may be linked with with what we see going out in the in this boundary with the interstellar media.

295
00:47:54.900 --> 00:48:04.440
Nicola Fox: So of course our original Voyager or original sort of serendipitous traveler we are our Voyager spacecraft.

296
00:48:05.040 --> 00:48:13.890
Nicola Fox: it's the so the voyagers are the Voyager two in particular, is the only spacecraft to study all four of the solar systems giant planets at close range.

297
00:48:14.520 --> 00:48:22.410
Nicola Fox: It discovered the 14th moon of Jupiter and it's all it was also the first human made object to fly, plus the planet uranus.

298
00:48:23.220 --> 00:48:31.650
Nicola Fox: wager to discover 10 new moons there and two new rings and it was also the first human made object to fly by Neptune.

299
00:48:32.220 --> 00:48:49.410
Nicola Fox: Where it discovered five moons four rings and the giant dark spot, so it is the one of the farthest spacecraft from earth, the two voyages launch just a month or so apart in 1977 so they are a grand old age of 43.

300
00:48:50.100 --> 00:48:57.450
Nicola Fox: But they had a great extended mission so once they completed their initial mission of the planetary survey in 1989.

301
00:48:57.930 --> 00:49:07.830
Nicola Fox: We discovered that we could really get amazing useful interplanetary and interstellar measurements using the fields particles and wave suites on.

302
00:49:08.340 --> 00:49:20.940
Nicola Fox: On those spacecraft, and so they have done great great service to us kind of surveying the very outer edge of the heliosphere and then ultimately leaving our heliosphere.

303
00:49:22.680 --> 00:49:36.060
Nicola Fox: Just a few years ago, and so i'm didn't really didn't realize I had this this, but here here's another view of the the heliosphere the dynamic boundary and you can see interstellar space interacting with.

304
00:49:36.660 --> 00:49:46.890
Nicola Fox: With our journey to the heliosphere, and so the Voyager probes are really showing us how the sun interacts with with the stuff that fills most of space between stars in the Milky Way.

305
00:49:47.280 --> 00:50:02.340
Nicola Fox: And without the the new data from from the voyages we really wouldn't know if what if you know what was out there Voyager one crossed into this region, a little while ago were due to crossed and 2018.

306
00:50:02.940 --> 00:50:15.180
Nicola Fox: The really great thing about Voyager it was it had a particular instrument that was still working on it, the Voyager one did not have, and so it really gave us the ground truth, of the other results we've seen with Voyager one.

307
00:50:16.320 --> 00:50:26.640
Nicola Fox: There we go, and so this is Voyager two they actually had a heliospheric particle instrument that was still working also their cosmic Ray instrument and so.

308
00:50:27.360 --> 00:50:42.840
Nicola Fox: They they were very good scientists announced that the two energetic particle detectors noticed dramatic changes, and so the rate of the heliospheric particles detected by the instruments plummeted while the rate of the galactic cosmic rays.

309
00:50:43.380 --> 00:50:50.520
Nicola Fox: related dramatically increased, and so, and then remained high, and so the the changes have this.

310
00:50:51.690 --> 00:51:00.660
Nicola Fox: confirmed for us for sure that Voyager two had indeed have reached a new region of space with Voyager one we had to make the make the.

311
00:51:00.900 --> 00:51:08.610
Nicola Fox: kind of guests, based on the magnetic field data, but with Voyager two, we had a full suite of high energy particle detectives to let us know.

312
00:51:09.000 --> 00:51:22.470
Nicola Fox: And so they are the two voyages there, you can see them located one in the northern hemisphere one in the southern hemisphere so boy just one and two now out and studying in great detail interstellar space.

313
00:51:24.180 --> 00:51:31.230
Nicola Fox: And so I will finish by just kind of taking us back to where we started to remind you that the sun is indeed a very active.

314
00:51:31.830 --> 00:51:45.510
Nicola Fox: very exciting star it causes dramatic changes for us here on earth, the beautiful aurora lights totally driven by what is coming to us in the solar, wind, but more than just beautiful lights in the sky.

315
00:51:46.110 --> 00:51:55.230
Nicola Fox: It does these events have profound effects on all of our technology from spacecraft in orbit astronauts.

316
00:51:55.950 --> 00:52:07.950
Nicola Fox: On the space station and even passenger planes all of your technology power grids very susceptible pipelines GPS receivers the accuracy of your GPS.

317
00:52:08.700 --> 00:52:21.570
Nicola Fox: Sometimes we see bubbles that form in the ionosphere thermosphere region that actually cause problems for communication, and so it is really important for us to to really study our Star and understand the impacts.

318
00:52:21.960 --> 00:52:32.280
Nicola Fox: That we see here on earth and so as we take those sort of the next steps forward, as we briefly returned to the moon, and then on to Mars and beyond.

319
00:52:32.880 --> 00:52:49.860
Nicola Fox: We certainly stand ready and the helium physics division to be able to support all of our exploration both human and robotic as we continue to study our wonderful solar system and everything about it and so thank you very much for your attention and keep looking up.

320
00:52:55.710 --> 00:52:59.460
Mike Liemohn: Excellent Thank you very much so.

321
00:53:03.060 --> 00:53:04.560
Mike Liemohn: Mark How would we.

322
00:53:06.240 --> 00:53:21.810
Mike Liemohn: I guess i'll ask people to raise their hand and then they will I can unmute you as you have questions, so let me just pose it out to everybody if you have a question about for Dr fox.

323
00:53:23.760 --> 00:53:25.140
Now, would be a great time to.

324
00:53:26.790 --> 00:53:32.820
Mike Liemohn: See if people have that reaction, I see one Okay, let me try and.

325
00:53:34.110 --> 00:53:36.090
Mike Liemohn: unmute did you you're able to unmute okay.

326
00:53:42.120 --> 00:53:43.800
John Edison Foster: Okay um yeah.

327
00:53:46.440 --> 00:53:55.560
John Edison Foster: So yeah I had a question about the dust so presumably to dust is charged, did you did you see any evidence of magnetized dust behavior.

328
00:53:57.240 --> 00:54:05.640
Nicola Fox: So we haven't seen too much we don't have we don't have a real dust detector, although the entire spacecraft is somewhat of a dust detective because.

329
00:54:06.720 --> 00:54:16.050
Nicola Fox: Our antennas the radio antennas electric field antennas will will pick up ablation if if dust hits the spacecraft so we haven't done a lot on the studies of dust.

330
00:54:16.620 --> 00:54:31.800
Nicola Fox: we've seen the impacts from dust particles we've had we certainly seen more dust and we expected in the in the close close up region, but we haven't seen much on the the magnetic dust behavior as yet oh.

331
00:54:31.890 --> 00:54:36.540
John Edison Foster: And just, just to clarify, so this is all the dust from the formation of this.

332
00:54:36.600 --> 00:54:39.180
John Edison Foster: is slowly being sucked back into.

333
00:54:39.540 --> 00:55:00.120
Nicola Fox: Yes, and and a little bit from the heat shield as well covered that the the so the heat shield is to two pieces of very thin face sheets and then it's got a phone in between it and the edges, the phone we're wrapped in felt, and we think that some of the dust impacts on the felt, of course.

334
00:55:00.240 --> 00:55:12.060
Nicola Fox: showers of dust to come from from the felt, so the one good thing is it won't last long because it's pretty hot and that felt not going to last too long, it was actually there to protect it during lunch so.

335
00:55:12.420 --> 00:55:23.010
Nicola Fox: we're fine to lose it but we've actually seen some josh towers coming from the heat shield as well caused me a major amount of panic for for a little while back, but it's it's it's all good sir.

336
00:55:23.940 --> 00:55:24.420
John Edison Foster: Thank you.

337
00:55:25.020 --> 00:55:25.470
mm hmm.

338
00:55:28.140 --> 00:55:33.300
Mike Liemohn: All right, I think, Thomas William kevin's kitchen on here.

339
00:55:33.570 --> 00:55:41.100
Thomas William Kennings: Oh, thank you for giving a presentation today and i'm so towards the end of your talk you alluded to the songs like major effects on all our electronic devices.

340
00:55:41.940 --> 00:55:48.450
Thomas William Kennings: What kind of considerations were made on the Parker probe to protect his electronics i'm assuming the magnetic fields, a very strong hear the song.

341
00:55:49.500 --> 00:55:54.810
Nicola Fox: yeah that's a great question it's something that we worry about with all of our missions that she is really protecting them.

342
00:55:55.290 --> 00:56:06.240
Nicola Fox: So we put all the electronics well inside the main body of the spacecraft you put as little at mean obviously you have to have the detectives on the outside, otherwise you wouldn't detect anything so you have to have the detectives out there.

343
00:56:06.540 --> 00:56:16.350
Nicola Fox: But really protecting those by putting them deep inside the spacecraft and having as little connectors as little wiring as little harnessing as possible.

344
00:56:16.830 --> 00:56:24.570
Nicola Fox: That is exposed to to really to do the shielding for that the heat shield, of course, does provide a tremendous amount of protection.

345
00:56:24.810 --> 00:56:32.700
Nicola Fox: So I noted, we were very small, because we have to stay in the in the shield of the of the of the shadow sorry the heat shield.

346
00:56:33.210 --> 00:56:36.390
Nicola Fox: But obviously there's radiation shielding on the spacecraft.

347
00:56:36.990 --> 00:56:45.030
Nicola Fox: But I noted, we have to be very light because we needed a huge amount of delta V We use every ounce of that delta for heavy rocket.

348
00:56:45.390 --> 00:56:53.250
Nicola Fox: When when we launched and so there's kind of the balance between you shield, but you don't want to over shield, because you don't want to make the spacecraft you have a so.

349
00:56:53.430 --> 00:57:01.740
Nicola Fox: There was a lot of analysis done in the beginning of the mission design of exactly what kind of environments, we would expect to see.

350
00:57:02.100 --> 00:57:12.180
Nicola Fox: And what impact that would have on the various different components of the mission, but for the most part, you bury as much as you can deep with deep within the spacecraft itself.

351
00:57:13.590 --> 00:57:13.890
Thank you.

352
00:57:19.170 --> 00:57:19.650
Mike Liemohn: um.

353
00:57:21.390 --> 00:57:24.960
Mike Liemohn: grant did you want to post your comment as a question.

354
00:57:28.920 --> 00:57:31.200
Mike Liemohn: Are you there, let me see if I can find you in the.

355
00:57:33.360 --> 00:57:33.900
Mike Liemohn: list.

356
00:57:41.700 --> 00:57:49.320
Nicola Fox: Yes, i'm looking at it so somebody posted it should be able to detect dust and patch in the spacecraft potential signature you're absolutely right.

357
00:57:49.650 --> 00:57:59.730
Nicola Fox: With our spacecraft charging monitor and so we actually can use our fields I didn't go through all of the instruments, but we have a field suite.

358
00:58:00.210 --> 00:58:08.100
Nicola Fox: That has the those electric antennas that you saw at the front there and so whenever there is a dust impact we actually see a signal.

359
00:58:08.760 --> 00:58:16.170
Nicola Fox: On those on those those antenna and So yes, we can actually detect the dust impacts for sure.

360
00:58:16.620 --> 00:58:24.810
Nicola Fox: Being able to do a lot about studying them is not so easy without a dust detector but certainly we can trace every impact of dust.

361
00:58:25.410 --> 00:58:34.500
Nicola Fox: whisper whisper camera also can see the dust too, and so, not only are we looking for the dust free region, but that that's actually whisper that that saw the cascade.

362
00:58:34.770 --> 00:58:45.720
Nicola Fox: of just coming from the edge of the heat shield on the right across the field of view of the whisper camera and, as I say, cause quite a bit of panic for a short time then.

363
00:58:51.030 --> 00:58:51.930
Mike Liemohn: Yes, very nice.

364
00:58:55.320 --> 00:59:01.290
Mike Liemohn: Today, you see one from another Eastern engineering yes let's see if we can get you unmuted here we go.

365
00:59:02.910 --> 00:59:18.870
Eastern Engineering: Okay, one question, I mean, most of them most of you have already asked the command so just one little curious about the tile to be different i'm a responsible there that it is observed and steals my observation is also prominent titanium so I just want to have your.

366
00:59:21.270 --> 00:59:22.650
Mike Liemohn: Your comments in the chat.

367
00:59:24.000 --> 00:59:25.170
Nicola Fox: About yeah so.

368
00:59:25.380 --> 00:59:31.050
Nicola Fox: yeah you're talking to talking about ductile too brittle transition yeah that was actually one of the things I was talking about with.

369
00:59:31.410 --> 00:59:42.000
Nicola Fox: With the very powerful choice of the materials, you know, at first, is that well tungsten can be used because thompson's go to very high, you know high melting point but.

370
00:59:42.870 --> 00:59:49.260
Nicola Fox: Then, then this is so high, and the continual transition from high to cold meant that the.

371
00:59:49.620 --> 00:59:58.950
Nicola Fox: The tungsten itself became very brittle and so, even though Thompson is used on the spacecraft it was not useful the exposed surfaces on the solar probe cut, for example.

372
00:59:59.490 --> 01:00:09.420
Nicola Fox: Because a lot of materials, when you continually heat and cool will either become brittle and flake, which of course we can't have we don't want half a solar fruit Cup.

373
01:00:10.110 --> 01:00:15.930
Nicola Fox: On little bit number three or they can become plastic and and kind of you know, the just sort of.

374
01:00:16.530 --> 01:00:24.810
Nicola Fox: Again, the properties change, and so there was a huge effort into finding materials that would not only withstand the heat, but could also.

375
01:00:25.440 --> 01:00:32.040
Nicola Fox: Go for this sort of 24 because it's 24 orbits for the prime mission fingers crossed for an extended mission.

376
01:00:32.520 --> 01:00:41.970
Nicola Fox: But 24 for the prime mission, and so you know you're going to go through that dramatic temperature change at least 24 times and so that's why I noted, you know we use an IBM.

377
01:00:42.660 --> 01:00:55.620
Nicola Fox: See 123 we use molly tz and I got an education, I can tell you in material science of working on this mission and things like putting those suspending the wires in the sapphire crystals.

378
01:00:56.190 --> 01:01:07.020
Nicola Fox: And I was really disappointed to find that industrial sapphires but nothing like Nice is that we we you know, so if that was a real issue on on how to really get that.

379
01:01:07.590 --> 01:01:15.720
Nicola Fox: That that really good material also the the coaching I noted on the front sight of the heat shield needing to be light.

380
01:01:16.350 --> 01:01:26.730
Nicola Fox: durable and again not have an impact, when it gets cold and it's you know you worry about the heat and you think Ali I gotta I gotta do everything to survive the heat.

381
01:01:27.030 --> 01:01:33.870
Nicola Fox: But actually there's an equal risk to us with a mission when it gets cold, and so there are heaters that come on.

382
01:01:34.230 --> 01:01:42.090
Nicola Fox: We actually also sometimes slew the spacecraft to turn the spacecraft towards the sun when it's out around Venus to actually warm up.

383
01:01:42.330 --> 01:01:52.860
Nicola Fox: Some of the instruments, because they get super cold out there, and you also have to worry about the the the cooling system freezing so there's a lot of an issue a lot of.

384
01:01:53.820 --> 01:02:07.530
Nicola Fox: thoughts and design went into what the heck are we going to do, and it gets really cold and it was a counter and she was a thing when our project managers, that is, it wrong that i'm worried about it getting too cold rather than too hot when you're sending a mission to the phone.

385
01:02:10.560 --> 01:02:21.420
Mike Liemohn: I have a question about about the prioritization of flying the Parker solar probe versus others, and this is your prompt for decades surveys and helium physics.

386
01:02:21.420 --> 01:02:30.060
Nicola Fox: 2050 Thank you I knew I was at the end, I was like i'm going to get derailed if I go into that but I really do want to encourage I know we have a great group of.

387
01:02:30.930 --> 01:02:36.810
Nicola Fox: Early career people that are on this this seminar today and and even the people who are not early career.

388
01:02:37.080 --> 01:02:50.040
Nicola Fox: I want to encourage you, we are getting ready to move into our new decade or survey, and so we have every 10 years or so, the National Academy pulls together panels of experts and they.

389
01:02:50.400 --> 01:02:57.660
Nicola Fox: They really they review our entire program that we have, and then they give us recommendations for what to do in the next decade.

390
01:02:57.990 --> 01:03:12.630
Nicola Fox: And so, our current dictated survey runs out in 2023, and so we are gearing up right now to begin preparations for the next decade or survey, which will kick off, probably the end of this year and we're hoping it will be published.

391
01:03:12.960 --> 01:03:27.210
Nicola Fox: In or you know 23 or 24 the latest and we are having a workshop, it is a Community workshop, it is open to everybody, it is totally virtual because of the pandemic, it was supposed to be in August of last year.

392
01:03:27.690 --> 01:03:32.970
Nicola Fox: I delayed it because I really hope that we would be able to meet in person could be things are so much better in person.

393
01:03:33.630 --> 01:03:44.340
Nicola Fox: But when it became obvious that it was not going to left anytime soon we pulled the trigger and went all virtual, so it is may three through five.

394
01:03:45.060 --> 01:03:52.650
Nicola Fox: There are lots of websites lots of places, you can get information, I will certainly make sure that Professor limo has.

395
01:03:53.280 --> 01:03:59.610
Nicola Fox: The information that maybe he could distribute for me, but there are also there's going to be a call for white papers.

396
01:04:00.240 --> 01:04:11.310
Nicola Fox: For new mission concepts and this is a really exciting thing I knew I welcome crazy ideas so anyone that works in my division knows I love crazy ideas I have never met an idea I didn't like.

397
01:04:11.550 --> 01:04:22.980
Nicola Fox: A maybe, an idea that I don't think is viable, but I always liked the ideas, and so I really want to encourage the early career people to get involved now, and this is both engineers and scientists.

398
01:04:23.520 --> 01:04:36.420
Nicola Fox: Because a lot of it is you know if somebody gives you this great science idea, but the technology isn't here pockets all projects 60 years so that means there were six decades of technological work that is done, and so you know.

399
01:04:37.050 --> 01:04:51.690
Nicola Fox: Propose great science, but then think about the technology that we need to do in the in the short term, to be able to enable long term science and you know this decade, or that we're getting ready to work on this isn't really for me i'm i'm old and.

400
01:04:52.140 --> 01:04:56.730
Nicola Fox: You know it's 20 years since I met Professor loan, so you know how older must be.

401
01:04:57.540 --> 01:05:11.460
Nicola Fox: So um you know it's not really this this maybe is our last decade, all that will really have a profound effect on our careers, but this one is the one that's going to have the biggest effect on your careers and so really.

402
01:05:12.360 --> 01:05:15.780
Nicola Fox: You know I really do want to encourage you to get involved.

403
01:05:16.080 --> 01:05:24.450
Nicola Fox: And you know volunteer for volunteer for panels volunteer for things and really get involved now, because this is the time to to really.

404
01:05:24.660 --> 01:05:37.770
Nicola Fox: Direct the new future of helium physics and the new exciting missions, what is the next purposeful approach, what is that next big mission that is going to do transformational science that we've dreamed about.

405
01:05:38.280 --> 01:05:46.590
Nicola Fox: For so long, but but have you had to wait decades, or so I will make sure that that your professors have the information.

406
01:05:47.040 --> 01:05:54.300
Nicola Fox: But again, it is totally virtual so there's if there's a registration fee will be very small, and I will do my best way that for students as well.

407
01:05:54.930 --> 01:06:00.540
Nicola Fox: so that you can really participate or please talk to your professors, many of them, maybe.

408
01:06:01.230 --> 01:06:12.330
Nicola Fox: Either part of of they may have been part of the decade, all I know a number of them that, even on this zoom right now, took part in in either our educational other decay models.

409
01:06:12.720 --> 01:06:25.500
Nicola Fox: That can give you a lot of advice about how to get involved, but this is really the Community telling NASA what the next big things are and what we should be focusing on it is not driven by it's not driven by me.

410
01:06:26.130 --> 01:06:30.930
Nicola Fox: I mean, obviously I am passionate about a lot of things that you can't tell i'm very passionate about most things, but.

411
01:06:32.190 --> 01:06:44.430
Nicola Fox: But you know it's really driven by you, and this is a great opportunity to get involved and kind of carve out your place in helium physics, as you as you grow in your career.

412
01:06:52.980 --> 01:06:56.070
Mike Liemohn: You see, that you posted something in the chat yes.

413
01:06:57.210 --> 01:06:58.920
Mark Kushner: Thank you very much, these presentations.

414
01:07:00.360 --> 01:07:11.040
Mark Kushner: We given the hostile environment to Parker prob where there are additional redundancies built into the engineering the diagnostics, anticipating the hostile environment.

415
01:07:11.910 --> 01:07:19.740
Nicola Fox: yeah I mean we put as much redundancy in as the the sort of on the load the mass on below would would allow.

416
01:07:20.610 --> 01:07:24.150
Nicola Fox: A lot of the things we did was you know a lot of the hardening of.

417
01:07:24.960 --> 01:07:36.930
Nicola Fox: systems we do it is not a fully redundant system because it literally would be twice the size that it was, but we, we did some some clever but well i'm going to say it's clever redundancy it's my mission my, so I think it's clever but.

418
01:07:37.410 --> 01:07:43.350
Nicola Fox: There was some some nice things we did like splitting the the fields suite which.

419
01:07:44.550 --> 01:07:49.260
Nicola Fox: provides information for so many of the other instruments it's really kind of a.

420
01:07:50.190 --> 01:07:54.480
Nicola Fox: really important suite of measurements and and it was all supposed to have one.

421
01:07:54.660 --> 01:08:03.990
Nicola Fox: kind of central processing unit, and so we split it we gave them a redundant processing unit and literally split the sweet so half of it goes into one and half of it goes into the other.

422
01:08:04.230 --> 01:08:08.730
Nicola Fox: And so that, if we lose one we don't lose the whole suite, and so it isn't just a simple.

423
01:08:09.330 --> 01:08:17.010
Nicola Fox: Transition rollover, but it is, it is thoughtfully done so that if something happens, or if you lose an instrument, you do not lose the whole suite.

424
01:08:17.550 --> 01:08:26.400
Nicola Fox: So there were those type of things that that we put in there, there is of course redundant processes and a lot of the electronics and the smarts the brain.

425
01:08:26.730 --> 01:08:36.780
Nicola Fox: Of the of the the spacecraft has redundancy and we've had to use it we've had some things where we've where you know where there's been an issue on one and it immediately rolls over and brings up.

426
01:08:37.020 --> 01:08:49.560
Nicola Fox: comes up on the B side and and usually leave it on the B side until something else happens and it rolls back to the ace and that you don't keep swapping it from one side to the other but yeah there is redundancy in that, but it is not.

427
01:08:49.830 --> 01:08:53.610
Nicola Fox: A fully redundant system, just because of the the mass on below.

428
01:08:55.290 --> 01:08:55.890
Mark Kushner: Thank you.

429
01:09:00.480 --> 01:09:05.340
Mike Liemohn: And while you're on mark or do you want to close us out or would you like me to.

430
01:09:07.110 --> 01:09:07.560
Mark Kushner: Close out.

431
01:09:08.250 --> 01:09:17.520
Mike Liemohn: Okay well i'd like all of us to join one last time in and saying thank you to Nikki fox for joining us today and.

432
01:09:18.870 --> 01:09:23.280
Mike Liemohn: If you have a will get you if people want information about the helium physics.

433
01:09:25.680 --> 01:09:38.910
Mike Liemohn: workshop that is coming up in early May you can contact me or probably any other professor in and the space side of the climate space department, so thank you very much for joining us today.

434
01:09:39.390 --> 01:09:39.840
Brian Gilchrist: Thank you.

435
01:09:40.470 --> 01:09:41.130
Nicola Fox: that's great.

436
01:09:41.640 --> 01:09:42.600
Mark Kushner: Thank you very much.

437
01:09:43.410 --> 01:09:43.860
Samy Ali-Khodja: Thank you.

438
01:09:44.310 --> 01:09:45.690
Thanks bye thanks.