WEBVTT 1 00:00:04.440 --> 00:00:07.350 Mark Kushner: Good afternoon, everyone I use my voice okay. 2 00:00:09.150 --> 00:00:18.060 Mark Kushner: Perfect so it's my great pleasure to introduce Dr judah and Dr Joe, who is now the Vice President of the syntax. 3 00:00:20.100 --> 00:00:26.640 Mark Kushner: Company and Dr Kovac got a PhD from the University of Maryland in 1970. 4 00:00:28.380 --> 00:00:39.990 Mark Kushner: MPA you might be with you and then went to the morale as opposed out in space here on MTV was the head of the geophysical in the. 5 00:00:41.460 --> 00:00:47.430 Mark Kushner: British from 93 to 99 and he was the head of the space plasma. 6 00:00:50.730 --> 00:00:51.120 Mark Kushner: physics. 7 00:00:52.620 --> 00:01:06.630 Mark Kushner: From 1995 to 2018 doctor to move as current research interests include our own experience of my nipples very physical processes modeling the artist on a spirit it's. 8 00:01:07.050 --> 00:01:18.780 Mark Kushner: A spirit system using steady stream and semi to felt that he developed and studied I studied numerous media and the bombing here plasma instabilities. 9 00:01:19.800 --> 00:01:42.240 Mark Kushner: They also extremely low energy to stagnated reconnections has over 240 publications Dr Jehovah is a fellow of the American chemical society and a fellow of the American geophysical Union it's really our grid failure to have to do by visiting Michigan here and. 10 00:01:43.530 --> 00:01:46.890 Mark Kushner: i'm going to talk to Joe Smith see. 11 00:01:57.030 --> 00:01:57.630 Mark Kushner: Thank you. 12 00:02:07.980 --> 00:02:08.370 Mark Kushner: Again, thanks. 13 00:02:09.540 --> 00:02:14.490 Mark Kushner: So as you're a few years ago and gave a talk to another building and. 14 00:02:16.440 --> 00:02:17.760 Mark Kushner: When I came the. 15 00:02:19.200 --> 00:02:29.310 Mark Kushner: hotel was wasn't quite ready for me, so I sat in the lobby with my laptop to get ready for my talk and proceeded to dump a cup of coffee on the laptop and destroy it. 16 00:02:30.840 --> 00:02:36.180 Mark Kushner: Fortunately Michigan has a great it department lonely and MAC and everything went well. 17 00:02:37.200 --> 00:02:39.810 Mark Kushner: This is my laptop and it's not broken yet. 18 00:02:41.370 --> 00:02:50.220 Mark Kushner: The worst thing I can say is my left my hotel, this morning I took a wrong turn it took me longer to get her than expected of you, that is amazing, so thank you OK so i'll be talking about. 19 00:02:51.720 --> 00:02:56.400 Mark Kushner: plasma regularities and nurse ionosphere and plasma sphere was struck by saying. 20 00:02:58.380 --> 00:03:08.520 Mark Kushner: be talking about a code that was developed it on or l by myself and my colleague Glenn Joyce were sort of co authors of the model, but unfortunately. 21 00:03:13.470 --> 00:03:17.280 Mark Kushner: He passed away about a decade ago, the only word cancer and the like, but. 22 00:03:18.750 --> 00:03:29.760 Mark Kushner: You know if you have something out there and i'm the face of it, but he did a lot of work to develop the model with me and i'll highlight a couple things he did, to contribute to the model. 23 00:03:30.990 --> 00:03:32.340 Mark Kushner: To give due recognition. 24 00:03:34.110 --> 00:03:36.630 Mark Kushner: So i'll start with the ionosphere. 25 00:03:37.980 --> 00:03:45.120 Mark Kushner: And it's basically a partially Ionized gas surrounding the earth and the nominal altitude is. 26 00:03:46.320 --> 00:03:49.770 Mark Kushner: 90 kilometers to say 1000 kilometers. 27 00:03:51.270 --> 00:04:01.860 Mark Kushner: it's generated by the solar a UV which you radiates the dayside ionosphere the new flat Mr Ionized is the gas and generates it so in the schematic it's a. 28 00:04:03.300 --> 00:04:14.520 Mark Kushner: contour plot the electron density, this is like the North Pole looking down the sun's over here AMI Joe this fight you're not advancing on the zoom screen. 29 00:04:19.110 --> 00:04:20.250 Mark Kushner: Sharing the. 30 00:04:25.860 --> 00:04:26.520 screen. 31 00:04:29.490 --> 00:04:31.140 Mark Kushner: let's see if this changes. 32 00:04:32.730 --> 00:04:33.870 Mark Kushner: The one that's not sure. 33 00:04:35.760 --> 00:04:38.700 Mark Kushner: Does this changing on zoom now if I do that. 34 00:04:43.920 --> 00:04:45.570 yeah this one just use that. 35 00:04:56.700 --> 00:04:57.120 Mark Kushner: well. 36 00:05:01.710 --> 00:05:02.220 Mark Kushner: Thank you, I. 37 00:05:04.140 --> 00:05:06.540 Mark Kushner: guess you could have waited to the talk was over, and then. 38 00:05:09.060 --> 00:05:11.550 Mark Kushner: So yeah sunrise the. 39 00:05:13.650 --> 00:05:17.430 Mark Kushner: You build up the ionosphere gets darker in the afternoon it's. 40 00:05:18.480 --> 00:05:30.480 Mark Kushner: sort of dominant and then at nighttime that fades away and goes through darkness and a highlight of what we're talking about, you can see these irregularities of structures in the ionosphere from one or the simulations. 41 00:05:31.500 --> 00:05:40.230 Mark Kushner: Nominal densities you guys for about a few times 10 to the six but the neutral density is can be several orders of magnitude larger social emotional plasma. 42 00:05:41.190 --> 00:05:49.560 Mark Kushner: it's multi I, on the very low beta 10 to the minus 410 to the minus five so we treat the dynamics as electrostatic. 43 00:05:50.220 --> 00:05:58.770 Mark Kushner: The magnetic field is rigid we don't worry about any image D effects on a global scale it's relatively cold a few thousand K. 44 00:05:59.430 --> 00:06:13.710 Mark Kushner: it's highly and I said Tropic the parallel conductance as much higher than the perpendicular so we assume the magnetic field lines are actually potentials get generated magnetic or electric fields locally at maps all along the magnetic field to the other side. 45 00:06:16.800 --> 00:06:27.270 Mark Kushner: So this is a on the left the nominal profile of the ionosphere below about 150 kilometers, this is not working very well. 46 00:06:29.880 --> 00:06:42.120 Mark Kushner: Just for the region it's dominated by molecular ions primarily no plus two, plus and above 150 transitions is dominated by hopeless and that's a nominal ionosphere. 47 00:06:44.100 --> 00:06:55.350 Mark Kushner: The international space station flies at about 400 kilometers allow the low orth satellites are flying in that region there between, say to about 300 and 430,000. 48 00:06:57.330 --> 00:07:08.400 Mark Kushner: So on the right is a an eye on assignment where you beam up a radio way, then you go in time to raise it from a megahertz to a few megahertz. 49 00:07:09.090 --> 00:07:26.190 Mark Kushner: And when the beam interacts with the plasma plasma frequency of reflects back and then you get a signal and by sweeping up, you can sweep up the bottom side of the ionosphere with design on a sun measurement and then you do some calculations to figure out where it is. 50 00:07:28.110 --> 00:07:29.820 Mark Kushner: In real altitude. 51 00:07:30.870 --> 00:07:48.090 Mark Kushner: And so, this is sort of a nominal type of diagnostic does news for a long time and generally this the signal is very, very sharp did you have a sharp bottom side of the ionosphere but back in 1938. 52 00:07:49.110 --> 00:07:56.700 Mark Kushner: book on wells we're in wanchai out Peru, which is your the magnetic Equator and they were doing these experiments with on Amazon. 53 00:07:57.900 --> 00:07:58.230 Mark Kushner: and 54 00:08:00.060 --> 00:08:05.400 Mark Kushner: They notice oftentimes after sunset it was you know relatively sharp and then we're burning out. 55 00:08:06.510 --> 00:08:15.300 Mark Kushner: So now you're scattering plasma signals off irregularities over extended height the ionosphere hundreds of kilometers. 56 00:08:15.900 --> 00:08:35.280 Mark Kushner: And so they attributed to electron density or regularities with linear dimensions of about 25 meters so they're saying basically the eyes for is gone unstable is generating a lot of turbulence and so I don't know who coined the name but it's been called equatorial spread F. 57 00:08:36.630 --> 00:08:42.810 Mark Kushner: This is over the equator cf region and the signal spread out so maybe that's how it got its name. 58 00:08:45.690 --> 00:09:07.860 Mark Kushner: So that was in 38 and then in the 50s there was a lot of discussion about what's going on the 60s, they may more measurements satellite radar and then in a 76 year run woodman cesaro hose they postulated that the ionosphere was going on stable to an interchange instability. 59 00:09:08.910 --> 00:09:22.560 Mark Kushner: So in the top left and metal panels, like the F layer of high density below its low density above its high density you perturb the bottom you generate a bubble that rises up it continues to rise, and under. 60 00:09:23.580 --> 00:09:35.130 Mark Kushner: The cartoon they're suggesting that, in the wake of this bubble rising you generate more turbulence at smaller scales and eventually this bubble can rise to the top side and go above the SP. 61 00:09:37.470 --> 00:09:44.340 Mark Kushner: The original criticism of this model is really tailor instabilities we saw turbulence up here, but the instability only purse here. 62 00:09:44.850 --> 00:09:55.230 Mark Kushner: And so they were all you get nonlinear effect we get a bubble to rise above the SP so at a meeting Ryan women talk to sit asked TAO who is at the naval research lab. 63 00:09:56.040 --> 00:10:06.330 Mark Kushner: said you guys have numerical codes to do this kind of thing why don't you look into it and so they did knows the very first simulation back in 76. 64 00:10:07.620 --> 00:10:09.570 Mark Kushner: So the dice line is the. 65 00:10:11.400 --> 00:10:26.430 Mark Kushner: electron density profile and then these contours This is like a high density low density high density perturbation put on this low density region starts to rise up and eventually goes above the SP. 66 00:10:27.660 --> 00:10:42.030 Mark Kushner: So by today's standards, this is a pretty crude simulation, but it was the first and a demonstrated the viability that you could have basically an interchange instability in the ionosphere generate these bubbles that would rise up. 67 00:10:44.100 --> 00:10:49.650 Mark Kushner: So, in general, people believe this to be a really tailor instability. 68 00:10:51.300 --> 00:10:57.060 Mark Kushner: This is several years later, another simulation and a row by Steve zell zach we've gone from. 69 00:10:59.520 --> 00:11:05.880 Mark Kushner: The previous plot, which was just one year plots now we have color so the bigger improvement. 70 00:11:07.320 --> 00:11:17.160 Mark Kushner: And then the bottom picture is radar backscatter from hca maka which is basically saying you have three meter regularities So the first people. 71 00:11:17.760 --> 00:11:32.220 Mark Kushner: Booker and wells talking about 25 meters, this is direct measurement or three meters and these simulations or attends a kilometer so you get this enormous range of irregularities in the atmosphere at night oftentimes from 10 two centimeters that tends to kilometers. 72 00:11:33.840 --> 00:11:41.400 Mark Kushner: In the yard era Intel back in the early 70s suggested sedentary a hierarchy as instabilities one cascading to the other. 73 00:11:44.640 --> 00:11:47.850 Mark Kushner: In terms of visualizing these bubbles, and how they can affect. 74 00:11:49.980 --> 00:11:53.190 Mark Kushner: operational systems, this is put out by john makola. 75 00:11:54.390 --> 00:12:07.740 Mark Kushner: And this is a plot it's optical imaging of the ionosphere so we're it's bright it's where you have Ion to where it's dark you have less ions and I hope this place yeah. 76 00:12:09.510 --> 00:12:15.690 Mark Kushner: So you see, is the dark patches coming through, and these are these bubbles that have risen up. 77 00:12:17.250 --> 00:12:20.550 Mark Kushner: But they have a rather complex shape other bifurcated. 78 00:12:22.170 --> 00:12:23.550 Mark Kushner: And there's little. 79 00:12:24.810 --> 00:12:27.870 Mark Kushner: Things coming off the side indicating other instability. 80 00:12:29.310 --> 00:12:29.910 Mark Kushner: So. 81 00:12:31.110 --> 00:12:32.160 Mark Kushner: If I replay it. 82 00:12:40.830 --> 00:12:53.190 Mark Kushner: The red green and blue lines are the orbits of GPS satellites and the actual symbols or the location of the satellite. 83 00:13:00.390 --> 00:13:00.960 Mark Kushner: So. 84 00:13:02.310 --> 00:13:09.180 Mark Kushner: You can concentrate on the blue one this blue satellite sending a signal through this disturb region. 85 00:13:09.600 --> 00:13:16.620 Mark Kushner: Aside from making these optical measurements to have GPS receivers underground to receive these signals and at this particular time. 86 00:13:17.100 --> 00:13:23.580 Mark Kushner: You can't see very well, but there was a basically as for index, which is a noise to ratio that's it about one. 87 00:13:24.090 --> 00:13:31.740 Mark Kushner: And then over here the blue curve, is what they're making a measure of and in this region here there's just nothing they've lost the signal. 88 00:13:32.550 --> 00:13:40.020 Mark Kushner: So they demonstrated I think kind of nicely that when you have a single pass into these disturb regions, you can you know lose them. 89 00:13:40.410 --> 00:13:58.890 Mark Kushner: And this is for GPS and you also have even worse to fear consequences with lower frequency radio wave communications says account kind of a one of the better illustrations of a direct one to one between this type of irregularity and atmosphere in a space weather affect. 90 00:14:08.460 --> 00:14:08.910 Mark Kushner: Another. 91 00:14:10.800 --> 00:14:22.680 Mark Kushner: piece of data, this is a this enough satellite it was flown by the air force from about 2005 or so to 2015 these an inset you measurements of the electron density. 92 00:14:23.520 --> 00:14:41.910 Mark Kushner: Basically what it shows is, as you go from day in tonight the density decreases as one was spec but that goes through these regions of irregularities in the yep by doubts of two to three orders of magnitude so basically of these holes of plasma and the ionosphere at certain altitudes. 93 00:14:42.990 --> 00:14:52.620 Mark Kushner: So these are the kind of structures we were interested in examining so we had built this model Sammy three. 94 00:14:54.780 --> 00:14:58.680 Mark Kushner: we're not going through all the details the Multi I encode its global. 95 00:14:59.940 --> 00:15:17.160 Mark Kushner: Some of the key points or one is for the neutral species and needs a neutral background to iron eyes and have wins it to do dynamics and not only uses this quote nrl emphasis and hulu am always 14 these are empirical models of the thermosphere. 96 00:15:18.180 --> 00:15:33.900 Mark Kushner: But we also use realistic models first principle bottles and the ones i'll talk about today are whack and Max developed a damn car a high mtn Eric back right end of era and get them at Michigan and taji Sam we've used them to as inputs into the model. 97 00:15:35.040 --> 00:15:43.290 Mark Kushner: The other key point I want to say is we include iron inertia along the magnetic shield line I don't think any other eyes for model does that. 98 00:15:45.030 --> 00:15:46.590 Mark Kushner: When we're building this model. 99 00:15:48.360 --> 00:15:54.600 Mark Kushner: We didn't include inertia, like everyone else, because you didn't need it in the ionosphere because it was delusional. 100 00:15:55.650 --> 00:16:08.700 Mark Kushner: But we had some numerical issues here and there and we weren't terribly happy with the way the code which running and Glenn said, my colleague well let's put in a nurse will solve the velocity equation, and we can do that easily. 101 00:16:09.990 --> 00:16:16.980 Mark Kushner: And so that's why we did it for numerical reasons, but it has physical implications to because we also want to go into a plasma sphere of high altitude. 102 00:16:17.460 --> 00:16:30.270 Mark Kushner: Which i'll talk about later, which is collusion list, and if you don't have a nurse, and it just occasional equation you don't get the right velocities or the dynamics in the plug in the plasma sphere. 103 00:16:32.160 --> 00:16:42.480 Mark Kushner: Okay, so with that background, so we have this global model, and then we want to look at these irregular batteries that form, but the problem was on. 104 00:16:43.470 --> 00:16:50.760 Mark Kushner: A global scale, the model was thousands and thousands of kilometers or grid skies grids were about maybe hundreds of kilometers in size. 105 00:16:51.180 --> 00:17:06.270 Mark Kushner: We want to attack things that were like 10 kilometers so rather and just do the problem globally initially we just model, the limit region and longitude which is shown here, this is just a cool graphic from an article by best a at all. 106 00:17:09.030 --> 00:17:23.820 Mark Kushner: So anyway, we have a flux to peer our grid goes from about 90 kilometers to 2400 it's plus and minus about 30 degrees and the longitudinal with is about four degrees so, then you can get a lot of resolution. 107 00:17:24.930 --> 00:17:29.760 Mark Kushner: Low a kilometer or so in this region without doing the thing globally. 108 00:17:31.200 --> 00:17:31.860 Mark Kushner: So. 109 00:17:33.000 --> 00:17:35.010 Mark Kushner: Our first 3D simulation is. 110 00:17:37.170 --> 00:17:46.800 Mark Kushner: shown here, this is just a contra plane vertically horizontally, and these blue surfaces are ISO surfaces that tend to the fourth. 111 00:17:47.880 --> 00:17:50.370 Mark Kushner: On so we play this. 112 00:17:54.630 --> 00:18:00.420 Mark Kushner: You can see this bubble rise up and so not only does it rise up here and disturb the ionosphere above it. 113 00:18:00.840 --> 00:18:09.030 Mark Kushner: it's like you know it's a preservation along the whole flux tubes this whole flux tubes actually coming up it's not just the 2d problems, a fully 3D problem. 114 00:18:09.510 --> 00:18:20.970 Mark Kushner: And that's why you see these structures here out at higher and lower latitudes and, in fact, these images I showed earlier of john mack Allah. 115 00:18:21.420 --> 00:18:31.260 Mark Kushner: and his movie was actually imaging this region of the ionosphere and then they mapped it to the equatorial plane for the image. 116 00:18:32.010 --> 00:18:52.380 Mark Kushner: So that shows how you know, is a 3D problem, the second thing at the simulation Was this a blue ISO surface attend to the fourth you're lifting plasma up and then it drains along the field line, so there was also a 3D effect, parallel to the shield that you also don't have in a 2d simulation. 117 00:18:57.720 --> 00:18:58.350 Mark Kushner: So. 118 00:18:59.490 --> 00:19:13.800 Mark Kushner: The previous simulation the bubble was nice and smooth and but the observations again this is from my Kelly so much why show for makola these structures, they observed their bifurcated or multi structured. 119 00:19:15.270 --> 00:19:25.890 Mark Kushner: So we didn't get that because of our numerical model was diffuse of was there's a full donor cell method, so we use the flux contract flux corrected transport. 120 00:19:26.850 --> 00:19:40.080 Mark Kushner: algorithm, namely the partial donor cell method, so we could capture sharp gradients now when you redo the same simulation now we started to get these types of structures forming in this wedge model. 121 00:19:40.590 --> 00:19:49.530 Mark Kushner: And so visually they look very similar to what was observed and we're capturing secondary sensibilities and by four occasions and model. 122 00:19:53.010 --> 00:19:56.070 Mark Kushner: So the next thing we did we thought wow. 123 00:19:57.090 --> 00:20:01.620 Mark Kushner: it's okay to do it it's limited region, but we really like to do a global link. 124 00:20:02.910 --> 00:20:13.500 Mark Kushner: Or we don't have the computer powerhouse to do everything globally at the resolution wants, so we hit upon the scheme of we set up a course grid, which is the spoke out here. 125 00:20:15.900 --> 00:20:17.610 Mark Kushner: With a four degree resolution. 126 00:20:18.960 --> 00:20:23.340 Mark Kushner: So we could solve the whole earth on that for degree grid. 127 00:20:24.750 --> 00:20:32.430 Mark Kushner: In this region here, is where we expect the instabilities to be generated right after sunset in this region here. 128 00:20:33.120 --> 00:20:50.940 Mark Kushner: So here we put a high resolution grid of 956 points and the resolution and here was point oh six to five degrees or seven kilometers So the idea was to capture global dynamics and instabilities forming ah in one code. 129 00:20:51.990 --> 00:20:52.710 Mark Kushner: And so. 130 00:20:54.210 --> 00:20:56.730 Mark Kushner: This is a the results. 131 00:20:59.460 --> 00:21:00.630 Mark Kushner: So in this picture. 132 00:21:01.650 --> 00:21:06.210 Mark Kushner: Right magnetic local time, so this is known sunrise sunset. 133 00:21:09.030 --> 00:21:26.520 Mark Kushner: So this is the ionosphere that forms during the daytime and then at nighttime but some called a pre reversal enhancement gives us uplifted atmosphere oftentimes at sunset and then, when this occurs is oftentimes when you see bubbles form after sunset. 134 00:21:27.690 --> 00:21:43.050 Mark Kushner: So in this model to generate bubbles probably can't see very well, but we initiated five perturbations and the electron density around on sunset here, and then we ran the code. 135 00:21:46.620 --> 00:22:03.900 Mark Kushner: And as the perturbations went to the post sunset area we get these very large scale bubbles forming for the first time, within the context of a global code and then out here the grid becomes again course again and all these structures get damp numerically. 136 00:22:05.100 --> 00:22:10.530 Mark Kushner: Within this region, here, we were able to pick up bubbles within the context of a global model. 137 00:22:15.480 --> 00:22:23.850 Mark Kushner: So, then we can compare this to this si nos data, you know it's not a one to one comparison like we're modeling that day, and this and that but. 138 00:22:24.210 --> 00:22:32.550 Mark Kushner: The idea is they showed these big giant bite out in the density of two to three orders of magnitude and in that simulation I showed in the nighttime. 139 00:22:33.060 --> 00:22:40.470 Mark Kushner: You see, the densities are dropping by an order of magnitude and more so it's similar to what we're seeing in the observations. 140 00:22:40.890 --> 00:22:45.720 Mark Kushner: And the other aspect is that in these bubbles you get high velocity is going upwards. 141 00:22:46.170 --> 00:23:01.800 Mark Kushner: And so we're also seeing these high velocity of hundreds of meters per second within these bubbles so again this global simulation in the context of observations it's certainly qualitative very similar quantitatively close. 142 00:23:06.780 --> 00:23:12.060 Mark Kushner: The idea of this was to show kind of the extent of these impact globally. 143 00:23:13.680 --> 00:23:28.440 Mark Kushner: So total electron content, which is a line integral of electron density will say in radius just take a one meter Square and matt grow up where it's a channel deal electrons in that square column. 144 00:23:30.720 --> 00:23:39.060 Mark Kushner: When they gave this talk here a number of years ago, afterwards, some colleague of mine claim this look like an effective cat scratch, if anyone sees that. 145 00:23:40.140 --> 00:23:57.840 Mark Kushner: I did I missed it but Be that as it may, but you can see that these instabilities these things extend quite a Stat and latitude plus and minus 30 to 40 degrees and over longitude this region here is maybe 2030 degrees, so you know it's relatively. 146 00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:03.450 Mark Kushner: global impact is not you know super localized. 147 00:24:08.370 --> 00:24:14.130 Mark Kushner: So that was about 10 years ago we had done that work and then recently. 148 00:24:15.630 --> 00:24:27.960 Mark Kushner: Working with a Han lay low at hcl and car and Eric Becker and there'll be a they have these models whack a Max and high mcs. 149 00:24:28.590 --> 00:24:39.420 Mark Kushner: And their whole atmosphere models so they start from the ground and go up whacking mexico's to about five or 600 kilometers high mcs mtm to 450. 150 00:24:40.170 --> 00:24:50.490 Mark Kushner: So it can capture troposphere ways atmosphere wave generated a low quality low altitudes that propagate up through the atmosphere and into the ionosphere. 151 00:24:51.120 --> 00:25:06.810 Mark Kushner: Based on first principles and so for wakened Max to gravity waves and some parameter ization involved in the high mtn a simulated on naturally teach wavelengths maybe 100 to 200 kilometers. 152 00:25:08.370 --> 00:25:19.890 Mark Kushner: So what was done with these models is we one way couple these models into the Sami three and so that is the thermosphere of variables, like the neutral winds. 153 00:25:20.760 --> 00:25:30.870 Mark Kushner: are used as inputs, the sammies three but Sammy tree doesn't feed any information back into whack and Max sure hi mtm at this time mo we're doing. 154 00:25:32.370 --> 00:25:34.380 Mark Kushner: So what was a. 155 00:25:35.460 --> 00:25:36.810 Mark Kushner: Relatively know aside. 156 00:25:40.470 --> 00:25:49.230 Mark Kushner: hadn't been done before, is the resolution for the anchor model was point 6225 degrees and longitude which is maybe 70 kilometers grid spacing. 157 00:25:49.680 --> 00:25:59.700 Mark Kushner: High mtn had a half a degree which about 50 kilometers so we're not as fine scale is those higher resolutions I just show but we're getting close. 158 00:26:00.540 --> 00:26:18.000 Mark Kushner: So we figure close enough, we might check through some of these dynamics of the irregularities, so in the simulations the Sami three eyes from model uses the same longitude gritting as whack a Max and high mcs respectively Sammy tree has a variable latitude grid. 159 00:26:19.710 --> 00:26:26.880 Mark Kushner: High resolution near the equator course or resolution at higher out to higher latitudes and the polar champ. 160 00:26:27.870 --> 00:26:38.400 Mark Kushner: So it's right now, these were probably the highest resolution first principle model runs done today and we're incorporating this fourth sort of flux corrected transport in this global scheme now. 161 00:26:41.220 --> 00:26:41.880 Mark Kushner: So. 162 00:26:42.960 --> 00:26:51.930 Mark Kushner: Before showing those results, the issue is, I say these gravity waves will affect the ionosphere and the question is how do they affect it. 163 00:26:52.560 --> 00:27:02.820 Mark Kushner: it's primarily through perturbations in the neutral when general by these ways So then, how does the neutral when the fact the plasma nice fluctuations, so in the. 164 00:27:03.540 --> 00:27:13.830 Mark Kushner: velocity equation there's a colloquial term new I envy minus VI N, so if you disturb the end you're disturbing this term and disturbing the im. 165 00:27:14.250 --> 00:27:22.380 Mark Kushner: velocity, and this is a long the magnetic fields are basically the usual wind is moving along and magnetic field like this it just drag the ions with it. 166 00:27:23.940 --> 00:27:33.360 Mark Kushner: The other way can come in as electrode dynamically um we solve a potential equation it's a two dimensional equation in the ionosphere. 167 00:27:34.320 --> 00:27:41.400 Mark Kushner: In the source term one of the source terms is the neutral when it drives to global electric field in the low to mid latitude region. 168 00:27:41.940 --> 00:27:52.740 Mark Kushner: So if you disturb new neutral when here you just started a potential user of the electric field, and they have a small scale electric field that can be generated by the neutral when. 169 00:27:53.190 --> 00:28:04.950 Mark Kushner: That wouldn't be there, otherwise, so in this simulation it's a 2d simulation with this limited longitude model and the idea here was to model. 170 00:28:05.850 --> 00:28:15.720 Mark Kushner: The disturbance from the to hook earthquake, many years ago to hit Fukushima they made observations of irregularities over Hawaii after the earthquake. 171 00:28:16.410 --> 00:28:24.030 Mark Kushner: So we developed a analytical model of a blast wave going up into the atmosphere that would be associated with the earthquake disturbing the atmosphere. 172 00:28:25.050 --> 00:28:29.430 Mark Kushner: And in the top left panel is the parallel or is the. 173 00:28:30.510 --> 00:28:33.510 Mark Kushner: yeah the neutral when perturbation along the magnetic field. 174 00:28:34.680 --> 00:28:46.980 Mark Kushner: plus or minus 60 meters a second, this is the iron response, which is sort of a mirror image of the two also a plus and minus 60 meters per second so again, as the neutrals move the ions go with that. 175 00:28:48.150 --> 00:28:53.430 Mark Kushner: More is the thing is this is the perpendicular effect of the. 176 00:28:54.570 --> 00:28:58.890 Mark Kushner: neutral when were you generating electric field, and because we have ISO. 177 00:28:59.430 --> 00:29:07.110 Mark Kushner: or magnetic field is the equity potential, even though you generate them electric field here and maps, all the way to the conjugate region. 178 00:29:07.590 --> 00:29:15.870 Mark Kushner: So electrodynamics ladies perturbations in the neutral Wang can couple to higher altitudes into the conjugate region. 179 00:29:16.350 --> 00:29:26.580 Mark Kushner: And then, this is the perturbations on the electron density and so super saturated so most of the perturbations occur locally, where you're generating this glass way. 180 00:29:27.000 --> 00:29:35.430 Mark Kushner: But you can see in the contract regions is also perturbations introduced associated with you know, a blast wave, you know 10s of thousand kilometers away. 181 00:29:36.600 --> 00:29:43.350 Mark Kushner: So these are two major effects that come in at how gravity waves influences the ionosphere dynamics. 182 00:29:44.790 --> 00:29:50.220 Mark Kushner: And then, this is the vertical velocity from high MC em. 183 00:29:52.020 --> 00:29:53.130 Mark Kushner: So the purpose of this. 184 00:29:54.240 --> 00:29:56.340 Mark Kushner: is to give some sense for. 185 00:29:58.410 --> 00:30:06.600 Mark Kushner: You know the type of spatial and temporal variations you get in these winds and its gravity waves that get generated. 186 00:30:07.140 --> 00:30:23.430 Mark Kushner: And it's coupling these types of relatively small rapid fluctuations into the model to see them what evolves out, so in that you know, there was a frame every 15 minutes so it's it's quite dynamic that we're introducing into the global model. 187 00:30:28.560 --> 00:30:28.770 Okay. 188 00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:30.600 Mark Kushner: Okay, so. 189 00:30:32.580 --> 00:30:40.950 Mark Kushner: These are contra plots of this total electron content began this integrated electron density the top panel. 190 00:30:41.970 --> 00:30:47.580 Mark Kushner: Sammy three driven by the empirical models emphasis in hw m. 191 00:30:48.750 --> 00:31:00.900 Mark Kushner: So this is sort of a nominee what one would expect you know this is sunrise you build up the ionosphere, this is the afternoon and after sunset it's hard to see, but there are these. 192 00:31:02.850 --> 00:31:14.040 Mark Kushner: ionization crests appleton anomaly that form and then fade away, so this is typical the bottom panel we incorporated the wakeham ex model with gravity waves. 193 00:31:14.550 --> 00:31:31.950 Mark Kushner: And surprising thing that came out as this region over the Atlantic, you can see stripes through the equatorial nominally, and these are indications of these bubbles that have risen from low altitudes to high altitudes and were generated by the waves here, you know it's the same resolution. 194 00:31:33.390 --> 00:31:44.460 Mark Kushner: The global dynamics is similar not exact, but this has no waves in it, or perturbations everything is smooth here we have perturbations and regenerating and instability on a global scale. 195 00:31:45.690 --> 00:31:47.490 Mark Kushner: Relatively find resolution. 196 00:31:48.930 --> 00:31:59.160 Mark Kushner: So turns out the same time, there was a gold satellite that's flying that geosynchronous orbit and it's measuring emissions from the earth. 197 00:31:59.730 --> 00:32:11.880 Mark Kushner: And this is one of their images and this is at night over the Atlantic sector, and these are the ionization crests and then you can see, you know the structures Streep stripes if you will. 198 00:32:13.950 --> 00:32:24.330 Mark Kushner: Forming being observed again, these are these are regularities the picture on the left here in the middle, is the same issue whack and mech simulation. 199 00:32:25.020 --> 00:32:38.460 Mark Kushner: rough at the same time in on the same color scale, so you know our emissions we've simulator oranges Roi on the far left I change the color scale to sort of heighten the colors and then you can see the. 200 00:32:39.540 --> 00:32:43.980 Mark Kushner: Remarkable similarity between the model results and the observations. 201 00:32:45.030 --> 00:32:59.520 Mark Kushner: We went into this not trying to we didn't even know about this at the time when I did simulation is a sort of figured after the fact, so this data set was done in October, and this was in March, but there are under similar geophysical conditions. 202 00:33:00.870 --> 00:33:01.890 Mark Kushner: So this was an. 203 00:33:03.390 --> 00:33:04.290 Mark Kushner: Unexpected. 204 00:33:05.760 --> 00:33:10.440 Mark Kushner: Then, this is a case with higher mcs also high resolution. 205 00:33:11.820 --> 00:33:25.380 Mark Kushner: Again this is longitude an altitude along the magnetic Equator and it's the log of the electron density it's three days in a row during, six, seven and eighth and. 206 00:33:27.360 --> 00:33:32.850 Mark Kushner: The general geophysical conditions are all the same for all three days, but if we. 207 00:33:34.650 --> 00:33:35.940 Mark Kushner: Look at the behavior. 208 00:33:38.640 --> 00:33:47.700 Mark Kushner: Not necessarily dramatic, but nothing is happening here, we have some structure down here at this time we start seeing structures form. 209 00:33:49.530 --> 00:33:58.980 Mark Kushner: And all those structures are for me here they're different and every day and the bubbles are different terms of how high they go and whether they form or not. 210 00:33:59.520 --> 00:34:09.930 Mark Kushner: So this is another aspect that's under investigation that they've observed that there's day to day and longitudinal variability associated with development these equatorial structures. 211 00:34:10.500 --> 00:34:23.250 Mark Kushner: And so again, this is sort of a case of it, where you know, three days, everything is kind of same but not quite the same because of these differences in the atmosphere generated by the high MC and model. 212 00:34:28.050 --> 00:34:28.740 Mark Kushner: So. 213 00:34:31.050 --> 00:34:41.730 Mark Kushner: quickly summarize, and this part arm So these are the highest resolution, I would say, global is for plasmas for thermosphere simulations today and. 214 00:34:43.110 --> 00:34:59.490 Mark Kushner: we've found the onset develop these bubbles the atmosphere waves provide the seeds for the instability other state of day and logged into the variability I didn't show it, but the trouble is because actually rise to a pretty high altitudes in the simulation 1600 kilometers. 215 00:35:00.630 --> 00:35:04.320 Mark Kushner: In some of these irregularities can connect into the morning sector so. 216 00:35:05.550 --> 00:35:16.950 Mark Kushner: This is what we found, but now we have several programs from NASA funded to actually do a lot more work on this issue and to make better comparisons to the gold and also the icon data mission. 217 00:35:17.520 --> 00:35:28.830 Mark Kushner: And to try to really make a one to one correspondence between variations in the thermosphere and then what you see in the atmosphere and how they change on a day to day in longitudinal basis. 218 00:35:29.880 --> 00:35:30.480 Mark Kushner: So that's. 219 00:35:31.680 --> 00:35:33.150 Mark Kushner: Where we're going with that. 220 00:35:36.810 --> 00:35:42.510 Mark Kushner: The next topic is the plasma sphere, which is basically the extension of the ionosphere enclosed field lines. 221 00:35:44.760 --> 00:35:45.390 Mark Kushner: These are. 222 00:35:46.560 --> 00:35:50.760 Mark Kushner: contour plot or image data from the image satellite. 223 00:35:51.870 --> 00:35:59.190 Mark Kushner: Looking down so you get this circular Shell around the earth it's actually sort of donut like. 224 00:36:00.240 --> 00:36:03.840 Mark Kushner: As they describe it it's predominantly hydrogen. 225 00:36:04.860 --> 00:36:14.550 Mark Kushner: The density is they consider high density here at high density is greater than 10 to the two and it's a cold plasma and the board or. 226 00:36:17.070 --> 00:36:25.110 Mark Kushner: Try say transition from the plasma sphere to the inner magnetosphere this region here is called the plasma pause. 227 00:36:25.680 --> 00:36:32.130 Mark Kushner: that's where you get a sharp drop off of density from 10 to two to one side and plasma pause. 228 00:36:33.030 --> 00:36:48.300 Mark Kushner: The distance from the earth can range from eloquent to is seven which means maybe one are eight to six already above the earth depending on conditions in the magnetosphere, for instance, during magnetic storms, the. 229 00:36:49.470 --> 00:37:03.330 Mark Kushner: plasmas fury road the plasma pause comes closer to the earth and you get a plume like structure offing form and after the storm is over, it takes, you know days to weeks to refill to get back to this shape here. 230 00:37:04.920 --> 00:37:05.520 Mark Kushner: So. 231 00:37:06.750 --> 00:37:18.720 Mark Kushner: And you know our simulations and other worked in the past, when people show pictures of the plasma sphere, this isn't the north, south, the South to the left now the contours or the magnetic field. 232 00:37:19.740 --> 00:37:27.000 Mark Kushner: This is daytime nighttime and So you see, you know these contours or rather smooth and a track along the magnetic field. 233 00:37:28.530 --> 00:37:42.570 Mark Kushner: This is looking down at the North Pole with the sun, to the right again in the color contours are nice and symmetric pretty much circular overall not structured or anything, so this is normally. 234 00:37:43.710 --> 00:37:45.690 Mark Kushner: What people think of the plasma sphere. 235 00:37:46.740 --> 00:37:57.570 Mark Kushner: Because I think it's true years ago it was called the ignore row sphere, because it could be ignored, it was not much was happening it's not quite the case anymore. 236 00:38:00.150 --> 00:38:06.810 Mark Kushner: So, as far as plasma sphere and structure again this isn't something we were looking at, but. 237 00:38:07.860 --> 00:38:08.310 Mark Kushner: she's. 238 00:38:09.840 --> 00:38:14.700 Mark Kushner: my brother sent me an email and the subject was real or crap. 239 00:38:15.870 --> 00:38:19.560 Mark Kushner: So he has me click on this link and I was supposed to answer them. 240 00:38:20.700 --> 00:38:22.470 Mark Kushner: So you click on the link, and this was. 241 00:38:25.410 --> 00:38:30.810 Mark Kushner: Pretty spectacular graphic and there were a giant plasma tubes floating above the earth. 242 00:38:31.980 --> 00:38:35.400 Mark Kushner: That sounds pretty cool because young right science papers with titles like fat. 243 00:38:36.750 --> 00:38:47.520 Mark Kushner: So these are results i'll show some more later to discuss it from a radio astronomy facility down in Australia and a Grad student did this work. 244 00:38:49.650 --> 00:38:58.830 Mark Kushner: So bottom line is there were trying to demonstrate that you could actually have the structures in the plasma is fair above the earth, and this was something relatively new. 245 00:39:00.180 --> 00:39:11.640 Mark Kushner: So while working on the Sami through wakened Max in high empty and simulations I started making ISO surface plot to the plasma sphere. 246 00:39:12.240 --> 00:39:30.270 Mark Kushner: And this is from Sami three and RCM, and these are two different control levels tend to the foreign tend to three and one thing that popped out as there are these duck like formations forming a high latitude which you know kind of similar to what's being reported here. 247 00:39:32.100 --> 00:39:45.330 Mark Kushner: it's actually he can't say it's one to one, this is a higher latitude than this, but the concept that we're generating some kind of a structure in the plasma sphere associated with atmosphere of ways, with something that's brand new. 248 00:39:47.010 --> 00:39:49.440 Mark Kushner: So that's something we've been pursuing so. 249 00:39:50.550 --> 00:39:55.920 Mark Kushner: One issue actually when I was looking I was concerned that some of these structures were numerical. 250 00:39:58.230 --> 00:39:59.490 Mark Kushner: So there's a simulation. 251 00:40:01.500 --> 00:40:18.930 Mark Kushner: High resolution on the Left again uses these empirical models insistent hw em and on the right is with wakeham X there's actually two contours here tend to the three intend to the fourth button to their same color toward the CD in our ISO Shell, but if I. 252 00:40:21.510 --> 00:40:22.050 Mark Kushner: play it. 253 00:40:24.210 --> 00:40:28.440 Mark Kushner: You can see on the right there's you know, a fair amount of dynamics going on. 254 00:40:29.550 --> 00:40:30.870 Mark Kushner: structures and corrugated. 255 00:40:33.420 --> 00:40:38.580 Mark Kushner: drainage and ducks and stuff on the Left it's actually moving but not much is happening. 256 00:40:39.270 --> 00:40:55.530 Mark Kushner: So, two things here, this is sort of what people always sort of the plasma spheres as smooth nice regular structure don't not like shake with not much action when we introduce atmosphere waves, we see things can be quite a bit different. 257 00:41:03.720 --> 00:41:05.250 Mark Kushner: So these are just some line plots. 258 00:41:07.290 --> 00:41:18.540 Mark Kushner: So the black curve here, this is at about 6000 kilometers altitude, the electron density function and magnetic longitude going around the earth. 259 00:41:19.680 --> 00:41:24.480 Mark Kushner: So the black or blue curve is the emphasis hw am the black curve. 260 00:41:25.800 --> 00:41:31.800 Mark Kushner: users in fact hi mtm for this one, but the point is, you can see these peaks and valleys. 261 00:41:32.880 --> 00:41:47.010 Mark Kushner: Over a relatively narrow scale relative what you see in the emphasis model as wm so these congregations is a regular user generated by again by disturbances in the atmosphere that generating. 262 00:41:48.510 --> 00:41:50.070 Mark Kushner: I asked her dynamics. 263 00:41:51.120 --> 00:41:53.550 Mark Kushner: So i'll show a few things from the. 264 00:41:55.530 --> 00:41:59.940 Mark Kushner: merchants and wide field array, this is an Australia is a bunch of spider like. 265 00:42:02.850 --> 00:42:10.080 Mark Kushner: antennas they do basically radio astronomy and just as an aside. 266 00:42:12.030 --> 00:42:19.980 Mark Kushner: Just a month or so ago, a young near near you catch you know, the latest and greatest and science and some new discoveries were made in. 267 00:42:22.020 --> 00:42:23.070 Mark Kushner: radio waves. 268 00:42:24.210 --> 00:42:36.300 Mark Kushner: electromagnetic radiation from space and they had this cartoon here of sorts, but they think happening, it was actually made by at this array here, so this is sort of like their primary job is radio astronomy. 269 00:42:38.040 --> 00:42:48.870 Mark Kushner: But what they're going to do with this array is make measurements of velocities of the plasma and so we have the blue and red going in opposite directions. 270 00:42:49.320 --> 00:42:57.480 Mark Kushner: So they took the divergence of the philosophies and that's shown here, and then you figure out where you have divergences and convergences you get compressions and. 271 00:42:58.500 --> 00:43:12.240 Mark Kushner: relaxations as a plasma from this type of data they made these images they call floating tubes above space, but the point is you cut across here, you know it's blue red blue red blue red. 272 00:43:14.160 --> 00:43:15.570 Mark Kushner: So it is simulation. 273 00:43:17.070 --> 00:43:21.210 Mark Kushner: And this is at Richardson at 600 kilometers. 274 00:43:22.800 --> 00:43:28.140 Mark Kushner: The same time at different day the black curve, is what we got from the simulation in terms of the. 275 00:43:30.090 --> 00:43:39.000 Mark Kushner: density is a functional longitude and then to try to highlight, you know perturbations the red.is basically a smoothing of the curve. 276 00:43:39.780 --> 00:43:46.710 Mark Kushner: You take a difference between the black and red to get variations and then you see the structures going up and down. 277 00:43:47.070 --> 00:44:02.400 Mark Kushner: And so the number of peaks and valleys here are kind of similar to what was shown in the previous few graph so it's a way of trying to say that you know some of these perturbations we're seeing in the thermosphere could be causing this type of behavior that there was observed. 278 00:44:03.990 --> 00:44:05.340 Mark Kushner: in Australia. 279 00:44:06.390 --> 00:44:09.990 Mark Kushner: And also there's a very large array and new Mexico. 280 00:44:11.070 --> 00:44:15.270 Mark Kushner: And so much of what they're trying to do you know it's a radio astronomy array but. 281 00:44:15.810 --> 00:44:32.250 Mark Kushner: Joel helm, both at the naval research lab is doing a lot of is Eric physics, with the array in a similar way that they did it Australia on again they can detect disturbances, you know, on your is a one second to one kilometer so it's a very fine scale measurement they're making. 282 00:44:34.650 --> 00:44:46.170 Mark Kushner: I won't go through all of this just focus on this picture here they have two beams here, there were measuring differential total electron content, where they take the fluctuation. 283 00:44:46.800 --> 00:45:00.720 Mark Kushner: subtract out the background field, and then you get a fluctuation and they get this type of behavior here and then from our simulation we do a similar thing and we get the same similar type of behavior this is more. 284 00:45:02.190 --> 00:45:08.850 Mark Kushner: Maybe fortuitous then real I the time scales and lane skills are are quite different here. 285 00:45:09.420 --> 00:45:15.690 Mark Kushner: The concept is similar in the fact that you have these disturbances and thermosphere that can generate this type of fluctuation. 286 00:45:16.140 --> 00:45:28.260 Mark Kushner: And the total electron content that they observed here so again, this is something we're working with him on both to try to fine tune and see if we do a better job at reproducing what they're saying. 287 00:45:30.540 --> 00:45:32.250 Mark Kushner: So i'm almost done, and so, then. 288 00:45:34.530 --> 00:45:37.800 Mark Kushner: When you talk about code these these ducting formations. 289 00:45:39.150 --> 00:45:54.270 Mark Kushner: The idea here was to calculate this total electron content but along a flux to so rather than just integrate the electron density, you know straight up and radius you integrated along a magnetic field, and then the one over be a challenge for the. 290 00:45:56.190 --> 00:46:02.700 Mark Kushner: magnetic field, you know flux to sort of diverging has got a high altitude so summer thing was done. 291 00:46:03.510 --> 00:46:19.050 Mark Kushner: made a plot where you calculate this TC doula smoothing on it and then plot, the difference and the idea is that difference would be regions of high and low tech, so that their regions, where you expect ducting and. 292 00:46:20.340 --> 00:46:23.250 Mark Kushner: One of the reasons, this is interesting when people do via left. 293 00:46:24.510 --> 00:46:25.470 Mark Kushner: experiments. 294 00:46:27.390 --> 00:46:40.500 Mark Kushner: they're propagating electromagnetic waves in the space avila frequencies and they are either duck did are undereducated and so, depending on whether you have a plasma ducked or not affects the propagation of these waves and so. 295 00:46:41.520 --> 00:46:46.200 Mark Kushner: This is one way of perhaps saying yeah we can identify where they are maybe. 296 00:46:47.730 --> 00:47:04.140 Mark Kushner: Related to observations, and so this is sort of ugly on the top Panel has a difference or text of plus or minus 10 ti si units so most of the action is that higher latitudes. 297 00:47:05.490 --> 00:47:15.000 Mark Kushner: there's some in the equatorial region, but in this middle out to region, you actually don't see a whole lot if you change the color contour to plus a minus one tech unit. 298 00:47:15.720 --> 00:47:25.680 Mark Kushner: Then in this region here a little latitude or mid latitude rather you can see these features and then over, you can see it very well, but over Australia there's these. 299 00:47:26.100 --> 00:47:34.650 Mark Kushner: Little Red and blue dots here, which would correspond to like ducks that maybe it's what they say um yeah, and this is all. 300 00:47:36.240 --> 00:47:40.710 Mark Kushner: kind of brand new so a lot of work needs to be done so. 301 00:47:43.710 --> 00:47:50.370 Mark Kushner: So the stuck doing accommodations and the plasma is fair, this is a I believe the first time has been seeing a global model. 302 00:47:52.110 --> 00:48:01.590 Mark Kushner: And it's directly related to the atmospheric dynamics, you know literally from tropospheric weather propagating into the atmosphere into space, causing this effect. 303 00:48:02.640 --> 00:48:17.010 Mark Kushner: Again this is brand new right now we have programs to try to understand you know the physics of this duck dang comparative data dancing electron temperature and then relate to these virtual wave studies that's been going on. 304 00:48:19.980 --> 00:48:21.840 Mark Kushner: This my final comments. 305 00:48:23.370 --> 00:48:29.760 Mark Kushner: bottom line is when they send me to whack a Max for see the bubbles, I was completely surprised. 306 00:48:32.430 --> 00:48:43.650 Mark Kushner: Comparing it to goal was more surprising structures so bottom line is you know I may use them by quarter scientific surprises which maybe is okay, maybe not but. 307 00:48:44.370 --> 00:48:56.490 Mark Kushner: It kind of makes what you're doing here kind of fun when you know you have these Aha moments like I didn't expect that and Lo and behold, this is interesting and gives you a new pathways to go with the research and. 308 00:48:58.650 --> 00:49:08.490 Mark Kushner: Again, we have a few programs going on now like, so this is like the tip of the iceberg that's come out in the last year or so, so thank you. 309 00:49:17.700 --> 00:49:19.110 Mark Kushner: i'm with the spread of F. 310 00:49:20.460 --> 00:49:21.360 Mark Kushner: When the sun goes down. 311 00:49:22.920 --> 00:49:25.020 Mark Kushner: He said it was due to some pre something reversal. 312 00:49:26.040 --> 00:49:35.940 Mark Kushner: And it was so I was, I guess, it was because the acceleration of the low density into the identity that causes the instability that really killer silly and. 313 00:49:37.560 --> 00:49:38.790 Mark Kushner: What what drives that. 314 00:49:40.140 --> 00:49:40.710 Mark Kushner: yeah. 315 00:49:44.430 --> 00:49:51.120 Mark Kushner: So at sunset you have a wind blowing and push this terminator so bright and it's dark. 316 00:49:52.290 --> 00:49:57.000 Mark Kushner: And it's colorful and you get different behavior the electrons and ions. 317 00:49:58.050 --> 00:50:08.460 Mark Kushner: In terms of how they respond to then you're doing because of the collusion ality it sets up localized currency and electric fields that are different from elsewhere so. 318 00:50:09.690 --> 00:50:17.850 Mark Kushner: At this particular time, usually at sunset it enhances the eastward electric field that gives the I asked her a push up. 319 00:50:19.020 --> 00:50:28.770 Mark Kushner: Okay, so they've done studies, when you get those pretty sharp and at some you know velocity 3040 meters a second oftentimes you can see these instabilities form. 320 00:50:30.120 --> 00:50:37.920 Mark Kushner: it's not the acceleration know it just literally Center of the paper looking at that acceleration effect is very small. 321 00:50:39.540 --> 00:50:40.890 Mark Kushner: For these types of things. 322 00:50:41.940 --> 00:50:52.470 Mark Kushner: So why doesn't why don't you see the instabilities any other times a day you still have that well Okay, so I didn't show it during the day time you have this. 323 00:50:53.460 --> 00:51:06.930 Mark Kushner: A layer form, which is a very high conductance layer shorts out anything you can't get anything to happen and plus the gradients are very weak and night when things calm down you actually get a steep gradient on the bottom side. 324 00:51:08.160 --> 00:51:21.240 Mark Kushner: So the density gradient you know one over Ellen is for tribes, and you have gravity other trump's can drive it so that's, the idea is you build up the steep gradient of the bottom, that has to do with the lifting up. 325 00:51:22.380 --> 00:51:24.360 Mark Kushner: Now, as far as what the seed is like in. 326 00:51:25.830 --> 00:51:29.130 Mark Kushner: From what we're showing here, it looks like like gravity waves, you know. 327 00:51:30.210 --> 00:51:31.620 Mark Kushner: perturb the bottom side. 328 00:51:35.790 --> 00:51:50.100 Mark Kushner: Is this is a kind of a big subject people and doing it for years are seasonal longitudinal dependencies on low solo activity versus high solo activity, things are different, so all the details are tied into how the answer is responding. 329 00:51:59.370 --> 00:52:01.410 Mark Kushner: Please correct me if I misunderstood. 330 00:52:02.580 --> 00:52:27.060 Mark Kushner: We have here is a church particles your model for diarization ground so again, you, you find this very interesting article articles in your mobile Apps from for diarization multiple rounds israel's yeah when you go as far as Postmaster fear Colin can bolt ons. 331 00:52:28.080 --> 00:52:30.810 Mark Kushner: component is bringing us here how is. 332 00:52:32.250 --> 00:52:34.650 Mark Kushner: It sounds from industry or down. 333 00:52:36.450 --> 00:52:41.400 Mark Kushner: yeah so that's not in the model we understand that. 334 00:52:43.710 --> 00:52:46.980 Mark Kushner: isn't mind refilled Samson Samson later. 335 00:52:49.980 --> 00:52:53.610 Mark Kushner: guess and say it's relatively for what i'm doing relatively minor. 336 00:52:56.790 --> 00:53:05.340 Mark Kushner: we're working with other groups with other codes that do the inner man news for better they're kind of looking into some of the things you're addressing so. 337 00:53:07.590 --> 00:53:11.100 Mark Kushner: we'll find out more later on, I said yeah. 338 00:53:14.280 --> 00:53:14.700 Mark Kushner: You have. 339 00:53:15.990 --> 00:53:19.770 Mark Kushner: it's just the promise you have one question for temperature. 340 00:53:21.930 --> 00:53:23.010 Mark Kushner: assumes that. 341 00:53:24.510 --> 00:53:25.620 Mark Kushner: Is here. 342 00:53:26.640 --> 00:53:27.690 Mark Kushner: was here is. 343 00:53:30.270 --> 00:53:31.680 Mark Kushner: Or what are the most. 344 00:53:32.820 --> 00:53:36.300 Mark Kushner: Highly non thermal so it's not it's it's not. 345 00:53:39.660 --> 00:53:40.110 Mark Kushner: ours. 346 00:53:41.220 --> 00:53:42.420 Mark Kushner: Like environment. 347 00:53:45.810 --> 00:53:46.350 Mark Kushner: describe. 348 00:53:47.880 --> 00:53:50.010 Mark Kushner: describe my temperature. 349 00:53:51.120 --> 00:53:51.570 Mark Kushner: Right. 350 00:53:54.150 --> 00:53:55.260 Mark Kushner: Well, for this. 351 00:53:56.280 --> 00:54:00.840 Mark Kushner: particular type of plasma it's very cold. 352 00:54:02.160 --> 00:54:07.170 Mark Kushner: We have a don't have the equations here a temperature equation. 353 00:54:09.240 --> 00:54:18.060 Mark Kushner: And the primary source for the heating is from photo electron heating in the daytime the heat you're up to a few thousand K and then you cool off at night. 354 00:54:20.310 --> 00:54:26.880 Mark Kushner: Now we have conductivity along the field said, take the heat the higher altitudes and into the plasma sphere. 355 00:54:27.900 --> 00:54:28.380 Mark Kushner: um. 356 00:54:30.450 --> 00:54:39.720 Mark Kushner: As far as Max falling or isotopic versus Anna try for people worry about that much higher energies the world looking at in terms of the. 357 00:54:40.470 --> 00:54:53.130 Mark Kushner: ions you're talking about you know these are like an e plasma people worry about what you're talking about when you go to tend to katie and me be type processes, then they become really important. 358 00:54:57.240 --> 00:55:06.390 Mark Kushner: Are some of the effects of the bubbles and tucks that you all read what what now that you can better model than what does that help you to. 359 00:55:08.040 --> 00:55:11.610 Mark Kushner: understand what other things can I guess well. 360 00:55:13.710 --> 00:55:15.030 Mark Kushner: So one answer is simply. 361 00:55:18.060 --> 00:55:25.680 Mark Kushner: The air force is interested in knowing when these things are going to have form because they're really disrupts communications. 362 00:55:26.310 --> 00:55:38.430 Mark Kushner: So what the ultimate like to do would be able to forecast it out a few days, you know, or at least a day tomorrow night everything's gonna be quiet tomorrow night now things are gonna be bad over here. 363 00:55:39.690 --> 00:55:42.090 Mark Kushner: that's like a practical application. 364 00:55:43.290 --> 00:55:46.920 Mark Kushner: In terms of forecasting communication how to just. 365 00:55:48.480 --> 00:55:49.500 Mark Kushner: There was a paper. 366 00:55:50.910 --> 00:55:52.860 Mark Kushner: From a PL a few years ago. 367 00:55:57.840 --> 00:56:01.560 Mark Kushner: When it was, but during the initial Afghanistan. 368 00:56:03.390 --> 00:56:07.890 Mark Kushner: War, there was some called TOR TOR there's some. 369 00:56:09.780 --> 00:56:19.380 Mark Kushner: helicopters and men landed, you know at a mountain somewhere in Afghanistan or the firefight going on, and there were trying to get communications that say you're in danger. 370 00:56:20.220 --> 00:56:29.640 Mark Kushner: The enemy's all around you, you know something like that I think medication is completely broke down and they never got the message and people dying. 371 00:56:30.330 --> 00:56:46.050 Mark Kushner: And so, in this paper, there were speculating that fact that could have been partially due to this type of bias, for their services at night that screwed up communications with this battalion in Afghanistan so that's another cool real world example. 372 00:56:49.410 --> 00:56:50.160 Mark Kushner: there's one more. 373 00:56:52.440 --> 00:56:59.610 Mark Kushner: Many years ago, is at the Pentagon athletica playing squash one Saturday morning and I played a young guy I didn't know him and. 374 00:57:00.180 --> 00:57:06.480 Mark Kushner: Afterwards, you talk and what do you do, and this and that and he was a real sailor, and he will go out to sea. 375 00:57:07.350 --> 00:57:15.120 Mark Kushner: And things like that and asked me what I did, and I told him this type of stuff right I honest, fair regularity whatever. 376 00:57:16.020 --> 00:57:22.590 Mark Kushner: Maybe in some layman's terms and then he said something to the effect of felt like when a solar flare goes off and makes a big mess of the. 377 00:57:23.070 --> 00:57:37.680 Mark Kushner: atmosphere and is fair, like that's the kind of stuff you do I said well yeah something like that, because man that's really important and i'm going to tell you why because we're seeing we're watching espn if we lose that signal we get upset. 378 00:57:39.630 --> 00:57:42.840 Mark Kushner: that's also another application, but anyway. 379 00:57:45.750 --> 00:57:47.040 Mark Kushner: Any other questions. 380 00:57:48.120 --> 00:57:48.810 Mark Kushner: Anybody. 381 00:57:52.680 --> 00:57:55.290 Tom Mehlhorn’s iPhone: yeah I mean can anyone hear. 382 00:57:56.370 --> 00:57:57.840 Mark Kushner: Just unmute yourself. 383 00:58:00.180 --> 00:58:03.030 Tom Mehlhorn’s iPhone: yeah i'm i'm unmuted. 384 00:58:04.080 --> 00:58:04.920 Mark Kushner: we're gonna hear you. 385 00:58:05.130 --> 00:58:21.090 Tom Mehlhorn’s iPhone: yeah we can hear okay yeah Joe this is Tom Mel Horn great talk, so what you just touched on, so it seems like with with Sammy three and these combinations you're really getting the. 386 00:58:22.110 --> 00:58:34.260 Tom Mehlhorn’s iPhone: coupling between the neutral atmosphere, the ionosphere and the plasma sphere, and you know how that system couples, but he also mentioned. 387 00:58:35.460 --> 00:58:52.680 Tom Mehlhorn’s iPhone: The idea of space weather and you just mentioned the solar flares so, can you say something about what are the next you know what are the couplings to solar inputs in your models now and what's the future of that. 388 00:58:57.840 --> 00:59:00.000 Mark Kushner: Well, right now, we just. 389 00:59:01.080 --> 00:59:14.730 Mark Kushner: Use nominal solar UV fluxes from measurements are from empirical models we've also done studies, where we enhance the radiation as be associated with a. 390 00:59:15.870 --> 00:59:16.500 Mark Kushner: flare. 391 00:59:17.610 --> 00:59:27.360 Mark Kushner: But that's a daytime event, and you can you know get high densities generated briefly in the ionosphere from the enhanced UV radiation from the flare. 392 00:59:28.650 --> 00:59:32.820 Mark Kushner: Suarez irregularities and everything we're doing, I mean that's a nighttime event so. 393 00:59:34.170 --> 00:59:36.960 Mark Kushner: there's not much to say about how a flare could affect. 394 00:59:38.010 --> 00:59:49.830 Mark Kushner: nighttime other than perhaps if you heat up the thermosphere and you disturb the neutral when somehow that could lead to maybe a more global effect that you would see a night. 395 00:59:51.000 --> 00:59:54.120 Mark Kushner: that's something that maybe we could look into I haven't looked into it yet. 396 00:59:58.530 --> 01:00:01.050 Diethard Hansen: I have a question detailed hands and if i'm I. 397 01:00:02.700 --> 01:00:02.970 guess. 398 01:00:04.350 --> 01:00:05.760 Diethard Hansen: The question is. 399 01:00:07.320 --> 01:00:22.380 Diethard Hansen: targeted at the shortwave range during daytime and taking the pass into consideration let's say between Europe and North of North America really Atlantic. 400 01:00:23.640 --> 01:00:48.660 Diethard Hansen: Some observation indicate that there seems to be some irregularities in the way that if you have the same kind of santana setup power and basically radiated power on both sides there isn't a symmetry That means the signals from let's say United States into Europe. 401 01:00:49.830 --> 01:01:05.790 Diethard Hansen: having the same power everything identical seem to be stronger at certain times, then reverse Lee now could that possibly be explained by some of the area, he he regularly cities, which you mentioned, thank you. 402 01:01:08.610 --> 01:01:08.910 Mark Kushner: well. 403 01:01:09.210 --> 01:01:09.990 guess. 404 01:01:11.400 --> 01:01:12.960 Mark Kushner: i'm sure he was like maybe. 405 01:01:19.170 --> 01:01:37.740 Mark Kushner: I actually I simply don't know I guess it's conceivable i'm not overly familiar with a lot of Radio propagation methods and how they are done or interpreted, so all I can say it's a possibility right now i'm. 406 01:01:41.130 --> 01:01:41.580 Diethard Hansen: Trying to. 407 01:01:48.960 --> 01:01:49.800 Mark Kushner: Thank you very much.